Abstract
This review covers some recent findings of the electrophysiological mechanisms through which mesocortical dopamine modulates prefrontal cortical neurons. Dopamine has been shown to modulate several ionic conductances located along the soma-dendritic axis of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons. These ionic currents include high-voltage-activated calcium currents and slowly inactivating Na+ and K+ currents. They contribute actively in processing functionally segregated inputs during synaptic integration. In addition, dopamine mainly depolarizes the fast-spiking subtype of local GABAergic interneurons that connect the pyramidal neurons. This latter action can indirectly control pyramidal cell excitability. These electrophysiological data indicate that the actions of dopamine are neither “excitatory” nor “inhibitory” in pyramidal prefrontal cortex neurons. Rather, the actions of dopamine are dependent on soma-dendritic loci, timing of the arrival of synaptic inputs, strength of synaptic inputs, as well as the membrane potential range at which the PFC neuron is operating at a given moment. Based on available electrophysiological findings, a neuronal model of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is presented. This model proposes that episodic hypo- and hyperactivity of the PFC and the associated dysfunctional mesocortical dopamine system (and their interconnected brain regions) may coexist in the same schizophrenic patient in the course of the illness. We hypothesize that the dysfunctional mesocortical dopamine input to the PFC may lead to abnormal modulation of ionic channels distributed in the dendritic–somatic compartments of PFC pyramidal neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area and/or nucleus accumbens. In some schizophrenics, a reduction of mesocortical dopamine to below optimal levels and/or a loss of local GABAergic inputs may result in a dysfunctional integration of extrinsic associative inputs by Ca2+ channel activity in the distal dendrites of PFC pyramidal neurons. This may account for the patients’ distractibility caused by their inability to focus only on relevant external inputs. In contrast, in acute stress or psychotic episodes, an associated abnormal elevation of mesocortical dopamine transmission may greatly influence distal dendritic Ca2+ channel-mediated signal-processing mechanisms. This can enhance possible reverberative activity between adjacent interconnected pyramidal neurons via the effects of dopamine on the slowly inactivating Na+, K+, and soma-dendritic Ca2+ currents. The effects of high levels of PFC dopamine in this case may contribute to behavioral perseveration and stereotypy so that the patients are unable to use new external cues to modify ongoing behaviors.
Similar content being viewed by others
Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Abeles M, Bagmen H, Margalit E, Vaadia E . (1993): Spatiotemporal firing patterns in the frontal cortex of behaving monkey. J Neurophysiol 70: 1629–1639
Abercrombie ED, Keefe KA, DiFrischia DS, Zigmond MJ . (1989): Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J Neurochem 52: 1655–1658
Akbarian S, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG, Potkin SG, Wigal SB, Hagman JO, Sandman CA, Jones EG . (1993): Altered distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiat 50: 169–177
Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hagman JO, Tafazzoli A, Bunney WE Jr, Jones EG . (1995): Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiat 52: 258–266
Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hetrick WP, Bunney W Jr, Jones EG . (1996): Maldistribution of interstitial neurons in prefrontal white matter of the brains of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiat 53: 425–436
Akil M, Lewis DA . (1996): Reduced dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Soc Neurosci Abst 22: 1679
Alford S, Frenguelli B, Schofield JG, Collingridge G . (1993): Characterization of Ca2+ signals induced in hippocampal CA1 neurons by the synaptic activation of NMDA receptors. J Physiol (London) 469: 693–716
Alonso A, Klink R . (1993): Differential electroresponsiveness of stellate and pyramidal-like cells of medial entorhinal cortex layer II. J Neurophysiol 70: 128–143
Alzheimer C, Schwindt PC, Crill WE . (1993): Modal gating of Na+ channels as a mechanism of persistent Na+ current in pyramidal neurons from rat and cat sensorimotor cortex. J Neurosci 13: 660–673
Amit DJ . (1995): The Hebbian paradigm reintegrated: Local reverberations as internal representation. Behav Brain Sci 18: 617–657
Amitai Y . (1994): Membrane potential oscillations underlying firing patterns in neocortical neurons. Neuroscience 63: 151–161
Amitai Y, Friedman A, Connors BW, Gutnick MJ . (1993): Regenerative activity in apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in neocortex. Cereb Cortex 3: 26–38
Andreasen NC, Rezai K, Alliger R, Swayze VW, Flaum M, Kirchner P, Cohen G, O'Leary DS . (1992): Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia: Assessment with Xenon 133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the tower of London. Arch Gen Psychiat 49: 943–958
Andreasen NC . (1997): Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illnesses: A project for a scientific psychopathology. Science 275: 1586–1593
Ariano MA, Wang J, Noblett K, Larson ER, Sibley DR . (1997): Cellular distribution of the rat D4 dopamine receptor protein in the CNS using antireceptor antisera. Brain Res 752: 26–34
Artalejo CR, Ariano MA, Perlman RL, Fox AP . (1990): Activation of facilitation calcium channels in chromaffin cells by D1 dopamine receptors through a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Nature 348: 239–242
Astman N, Gutnick MJ, Fleidervish IA . (1998): Activation of protein kinase C increases neuronal excitability by regulating persistent Na+ current in mouse neocortical slices. J Neurophysiol 80: 1547–1551
Bacon SJ, Headlam AJ, Gabbot PL, Smith AD . (1996): Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: A light and electron microscope study. Brain Res 720: 211–219
Bassant MH, Ennouri K, Lamour Y . (1990): Effects of iontophoretically applied monoamines on somatosensory cortical neurons of unanaesthetized rats. Neuroscience 39: 431–439
Batuev AS, Kursina NP, Shutov AP . (1990): Unit activity of the medial wall of the frontal cortex during delayed performance in rats. Behav Brain Res 41: 95–102
Bear MF, Malenka RC . (1994): Synaptic plasticity: LTP and LTD. Curr Opinion Neurobiol 4: 389–399
Benes FM . (1993): Neurobiological investigations in cingulate cortex of schizophrenia. Schizo Bull 19: 537–549
Benes FM . (1997): The role of stress and dopamine-GABA interactions in the vulnerability for schizophrenia. J Psychiat Res 31: 257–275
Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL . (1991): Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiat 48: 996–1001
Benes FM, Vincent SL, Alsterberg G, Bird ED, San Giovanni JP . (1992): Increased GABAA receptor binding in superficial layers of cingulate cortex in schizophrenics. J Neurosci 12: 924–929
Benes FM, Vincent SL, Molloy R . (1993): Dopamine-immunoreactive axon varicosities form nonrandom contacts with GABA-immunoreactive neurons of rat medial prefrontal cortex. Synapse 15: 285–295
Berendse HW, Galis-de Graaf Y, Groenewegen HJ . (1992a): Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat. J Comp Neurol 316: 314–347
Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ . (1991): Restricted cortical termination fields of the midline and intralaminar thalmic nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience 42: 73–102
Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ, Lohman AHM . (1992b): Compartmental distrbution of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the mesencephalon in the rat. J Neurosci 12: 2079–2103
Berger B, Trottier S, Verney C, Gaspar P, Alvarez C . (1988): Regional and laminar distribution of the dopamine and serotonin innervation in the Macaque cerebral cortex: A radioautographic study. J Comp Neurol 273: 99–119
Berger B, Gasper P, Verney C . (1991): Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: Unexpected differences between rodents and primates. Trends Neurosci 14: 21–27
Bergson C, Mrzljak L, Smiley JF, Pappy M, Levenson R, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1995): Regional, cellular, and subcellular variations in the distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate brain. J Neurosci 15: 7821–7836
Berman KF, Zec RF, Weinberger DR . (1986): Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex I schizophrenia. II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attention, and mental effort. Arch Gen Psychiat 423: 126–135
Bernander Ö, Koch C, Douglas R . (1994): Amplification and linearization of distal synaptic input to cortical pyramidal cells. J Neurophysiol 72: 2743–2753
Bernardi G, Cherunbini E, Marciani MG, Mercuri N, Stanzione P . (1982): Responses of intracellularly recorded cortical neurons to the iontophoretic application of dopamine. Brain Res 245: 267–274
Berridge MJ . (1998): Neuronal calcium signaling. Neurons 21: 13–26
Björklund A, Lindvall O . (1984): Dopamine-containing systems in the CNS. In Björklund A, Hökfelt T (eds), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy: Classical Transmitter in The Rat. Amsterdam, Elsevier/North Holland, vol 2, pp 55–122
Bogerts B . (1993): Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Schizo Bull 19: 431–445
Bouthenet ML, Souil E, Martres MP, Sokoloff P, Giros B, Schwartz JC . (1991): Localization of dopamine D3 receptor mRNA in the rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry: Comparison with dopamine D2 receptor mRNA. Brain Res 564: 203–219
Bradshaw CM, Sheridan RD, Szabaldi E . (1985): Excitatory neuronal responses to dopamine in the cerebral cortex: Involvement of D2 but not D1 dopamine response. Br J Pharmacol 86: 483–490
Brown AM, Schwindt PC, Crill WE . (1993): Voltage-dependence and activation kinetics of pharmacologically defined components of the high-threshold calcium current in rat neocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 70: 1530–1543
Brown AM, Schwindt PC, Crill WE . (1994): Different voltage dependence of transient and persistent Na+ currents is compatible with modal-gating hypothesis for sodium channels. J Neurophysiol 71: 2562–2565
Brozowski TS, Brown RM, Rosvold HE, Goldman PS . (1979): Cognitive deficits caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of Rhesus monkey. Science 205: 929–932
Buchsbaum MS, Haier RJ, Potkin SG, Nuechterlein KM, Bracha HS, Katz M, Lohr J, Wu J, Lottenberg S, Jerabek PA, Trenary M, Tafalla R, Reynolds C, Bunney WE Jr . (1992): Frontostriatal disorder of cerebral metabolism in never-medicated schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiat 49: 935–942
Buhl EH, Halasy K, Somogyi P . (1994): Diverse sources of hippocampal unitary inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and the number of synaptic release sites. Nature 368: 823–828
Bunney BS, Aghajanian GK . (1976): Dopamine and norepinephrine innervated cells in the rat prefrontal cortex: Pharmacological differentiation using microiontophoretic techniques. Life Sci 19: 1783–1792
Busatto GF, Kerwin RW . (1997): Perspectives on the role of serotoninergic mechanisms in the pharmacology of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 11: 3–12
Buzsáki G, Kandel A . (1998): Somadendritic backpropagation of action potentials in cortical pyramidal cells of the awake rat. J Neurophysiol 79: 1587–1591
Bymaster FP, Calligaro DO, Falcone JF, Marsh RD, Moore NA, Tye NC, Seeman P, Wong DT . (1996): Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 14: 87–96
Calabresi P, Mercuri N, Stanzione P, Stefani A, Bernardi G . (1987): Intracellular studies on the dopamine-induced firing inhibition of neostriatal neurons in vitro: Evidence for D1 receptor involvement. Neuroscience 20: 757–771
Callaway JC, Lasser-Ross N, Ross WN . (1995): IPSPs strongly inhibit climbing fiber-activated [Ca]i increases in the dendrites of cerebellar purkinje neurons. J Neurosci 15: 2777–2787
Campbell CBG, Hodos W . (1970): The concept of homology and the evolution of the nervous system. Brain Behav Evol 3: 353–367
Camps M, Cortés R, Gueye B, Probst A, Palacios JM . (1989): Dopamine receptors in human brain: Autoradiographic distribution of D2 sites. Neuroscience 28: 275–290
Cantrell AR, Smith RD, Coldin AL, Scheuer T, Catterall WA . (1997): Dopaminergic modulation of sodium current in hippocampal neurons via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of specific sites in the sodium channel α subunit. J Neurosci 17: 7330–7338
Carlson A . (1995): The dopamine theory revisisted. In Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds), Schizophrenia. Cambridge, MA, Blackwell, pp 379–400
Carr DB, Sesack SR . (1996): Hippocampal afferents to the rat prefrontal cortex: Synaptic targets and relation to dopamine terminals. J Comp Neurol 369: 1–15
Cauller LJ, Connors BW . (1994): Synaptic physiology of horizontal afferents to layer I in slices of rat SI neocortex. J Neurosci 14: 751–762
Cépeda C, Radisavljevic Z, Peacock W, Levine MS, Buchwald NA . (1992a): Differential modulation by dopamine of responses evoked by excitatory amino acids in human cortex. Synapse 11: 330–341
Cépeda C, Walsh JP, Peacock W, Buchwald NA, Levine MS . (1992b): Neurophysiological, pharmacological, and morphological properties of human caudate neurons recorded in vitro. Neuroscience 59: 89–103
Cépeda C, Chandler SH, Shumate LW, Levine MS . (1995): Persistent Na+ conductance in medium-sized neostriatal neurons: Characterization using infrared videomicroscopy and whole cell patch-clamp recordings. J Neurophysiol 74: 1343–1348
Cépeda C, Colwell CS, Itri JN, Chandler SH, Levine MS . (1998): Dopaminergic modulation of NMDA-induced whole cell currents in neostriatal neurons in slices: Contribution of calcium conductances. J Neurophysiol 79: 82–94
Chen H, Lambert NA . (1997): Inhibition of dendritic calcium influx by activation of G-protein-coupled receptors in the hippocampus. J Neurophysiol 78: 3484–3488
Chen WR, Midtgaard J, Shepherd GM . (1997): Forward and backward propagation of dendritic impulses and their synaptic control in mitral cells. Science 278: 463–467
Chua SE, McKenna PJ . (1995): Schizophrenia–A brain disease? A critical review of stuctural and functional cerebral abnormality in the disorder. Br J Psychiat 166: 563–582
Cobb SR, Buhl EH, Halasy K, Paulsen O, Somogyi P . (1995): Synchronization of neuronal activity in hippocampus by individual GABAergic interneurons. Nature 378: 75–78
Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D . (1993): A theory of dopamine function and its role in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizo Bull 19: 85–104
Colbert CM, Johnston D . (1996): Axonal action-potential initiation and Na+ channel densities in the soma and axon initial segment of subicular pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 16: 6676–6686
Condé F, Marie-Lepoivre E, Audinat E, Crépel F . (1995): Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. II. Cortical and subcortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 352: 567–593
Connors BW, Gutnick MJ, Prince DA . (1982): Electrophysiological properties of neocortical neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol 48: 1302–1320
Cortés R, Gueye B, Pazos A, Probst A, Palacios JM . (1989): Dopamine receptors in human brain: Autoradiographic distribution of the D1 sites. Neuroscience 28: 263–273
Crill WE . (1996): Persistent sodium current in mammalian central neurons. Ann Rev Physiol 58: 349–362
Daniel DG, Berman KF, Weinberger DR . (1989): The effects of apomorphine on regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiat 1: 377–384
Daniel DG, Weinberger DR, Jones DW, Zigun JR, Coppola R, Handel S, Bigelow LB, Goldberg TE, Berman KF, Kleinman JE . (1991): The effect of amphetamine on regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 11: 1907–1917
Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, Davidson M . (1991): Dopamine in schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiat 148: 1474–1486
de la Pena E, Geijo-Barrientos E . (1996): Laminar localization, morphology, and physiology properties of pyramidal neurons that have the low-threshold calcium current in guinea pig medial frontal cortex. J Neurosci 16: 5301–5311
de Shutter E, Bower JM . (1994): An active membrane model of the cerebellar Purkinje cell. 2. Simulation of synaptic responses. J Neurophysiol 71: 375–400
de Charms RC, Merzenich MM . (1996): Primary cortical representation of sounds by the coordination of action-potential timing. Nature 381: 610–613
De Keyser J, Dierckx R, Vanderheyden P, Ebinger G, Vauquelin G . (1988): D1 dopamine receptors in human putamen, frontal cortex, and calf retina: Differences in guanine nucleotide regulation of agonist binding and adenylate cyclase stimulation. Brain Res 443: 77–84
Descarries L, LeMay B, Doucet G, Berger B . (1987): Regional and laminar density of the dopamine innervation in the adult rat cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 21: 807–824
Deutch AY . (1993): Profrontal cortical dopamine systems and the elaboration of functional corticostriatal circuits: Implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 91: 197–221
Deutch AY, Roth RH . (1990): The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system. Prog Brain Res 85: 367–403
Deutch AY, Clark WA, Roth RH . (1990): Prefrontal cortical dopamine depletion enhances the responsiveness of mesolimbic dopamine neurons to stress. Brain Res 521: 311–315
Dodt HU, Zieglgansberger W . (1994): Infrared videomicroscopy: A new look at neuronal structure. Trends Neurosci 17: 453–458
Dolan RJ, Fletcher P, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Grasby PM . (1995): Dopaminergic modulation of impaired cognitive activation in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Nature 378: 180–182
Dumartin B, Caillé I, Gonon F, Bloch B . (1998): Internalization of D1 dopamine receptor in striate neurons in vivo as evidence of activation by dopamine agonists. J Neurosci 18: 1650–1661
Durstewitz D, Kelc M, Güntürkün O . (1999): A neurocomputational theory of the dopaminergic modulation of working memory function. J. Neurosci 19: 2807–2822
Ebmeier KP, Blackwood DHR, Murray C, Souza V, Walker M, Dougall N, Moffoot APR, O'Carroll RE, Goodwin GM . (1993): Single-photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-exametazime in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiat 33: 487–495
Engel AK, König P, Kreiter AK, Schillen TB, Singer W . (1992): Temporal coding in the visual cortex: New vistas on integration in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 15: 218–226
Fallon JH, Moore RY . (1978): Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 218: 91–120
Ferron A, Thierry AM, LeDouarin C, Glowinski J . (1984): Inhibitory influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic system on spontaneous activity or excitatory response induced from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 302: 257–265
Fleidervish IA, Gutnick MJ . (1996): Kinetics of slow inactivation of persistent sodium current in layer V neurons of mouse neocortical slices. J Neurophysiol 76: 2125–2130
Fletcher EJ, Church J, MacDonald JF . (1994): Haloperidol blocks voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 267: 249–255
Fletcher P, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ . (1996): Local and distributed effects of apomorphine on frontotemporal function in acute unmedicated schizophrenia. J Neurosci 16: 7055–7062
Fletcher P . (1998): The missing link: A failure of frontohippocampal integration in schizophrenia. Nature Neurosci 1: 266–267
Foehring RC, Surmeier DJ . (1993): Voltage-gated potassium currents in acutely dissociated rat cortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 70: 51–61
Formenti A, Martina M, Plebani A, Mancia M . (1998): Multiple modulatory effects of dopamine on calcium channel kinetics in adult rat sensory neurons. J Physiol 509: 395–409
Franz P, Galvan N, Constani A . (1986): Calcium-dependent action potentials and associated inward currents in guinea pig neocortical neurons in vitro. Brain Res 366: 262–271
Franzen G, Ingvar DH . (1975): Absence of activation in frontal structures during psychological testing of chronic schizophrenics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 38: 1027–1032
Fremeau RT Jr, Duncan GE, Fornaretto M-G, Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Breese GR, Caron MG . (1991): Localization of D1 dopamine receptor mRNA in brain supports a role in cognitive, affective, and neuroendocrine aspects of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 88: 3772–3776
French CR, Sah P, Buckett KJ, Gage PW . (1990): A voltage-dependent persistent sodium current in mammalian hippocampal neurons. J Gen Physiol 95: 1139–1157
Friedman A, Gutnick MJ . (1989): Intracellular calcium and control of burst generation in neurons of guinea pig neocortex in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 1: 374–381
Frith CD . (1992): The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove, UK, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Funahashi S, Bruce CJ, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1989): Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61: 331–349
Funahashi S, Kubota K . (1994): Working memory and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Res 21: 1–11
Fuster JM . (1995): Memory in the Cerebral Cortex: An Empirical Approach to Neural Networks in the Human and Nonhuman Primate. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press
Galarraga E, Hernandez-Lopez S, Reyes A, Barral J, Bargas J . (1997): Dopamine facilitates striatal EPSPs through an L-type Ca2+ conductance. Neuroreport 8: 2183–2186
Galazzi J-P, Fossett M, Romey G, Laduron P, Lazdunski M . (1986): Neuroleptics of the diphenylbutylpiperidine series are potent Ca2+ channel inhibitors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 83: 7513–7517
Gaspar P, Berger B, Febvret A, Vigny A, Henry J-P . (1989): Catecholamine innervation of the human cerebral cortex as revealed by comparative immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. J Comp Neurol 279: 249–271
Gaspar P, Bloch B, LeMoine C . (1995): D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the rat frontal cortex: Cellular localization in different classes of efferent neurons. Eur J Neurosci 7: 1050–1063
Geijo-Barrientos E, Pastore C . (1995): The effects of dopamine on the subthreshold electrophysiological responses of rat prefrontal cortex neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 7: 358–366
Ghosh A, Greenberg ME . (1995): Calcium signalling in neurons: Molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences. Science 268: 239–247
Gillessen T, Alzheimer C . (1997): Amplification of EPSPs by low Ni2+- and amiloride-sensitive Ca2+ channels in apical dendrites of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 77: 1639–1643
Godbout R, Mantz J, Pirot S, Glowinski J, Thierry AM . (1991): Inhibitory influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic neurons on their target cells: Electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 258: 728–738
Gold JM, Randolph C, Carpenter CJ, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR . (1992): Forms of memory failure in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 101: 487–494
Goldberg TE, Gold JM . (1995): Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds), Schizophrenia. Cambridge, MA, Blackwell, pp 146–162
Goldman-Rakic PS . (1991): Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: The relevance of working memory. In Carroll BJ, Barrett JE (eds), Psychology and the Brain. New York, Raven Press, pp 1–23
Goldman-Rakic PS . (1992): Dopamine-mediated mechanisms of the prefrontal cortex. Sem Neurosci 4: 149–159
Goldman-Rakic PS . (1994): Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 6: 348–357
Goldman-Rakic PS . (1996): Regional and cellular fractionation of working memory. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93: 13473–13480
Goldman-Rakic PS, Leranth C, Williams SM, Mons N, Geffard M . (1989): Dopamine synaptic complex with pyramidal neurons in primate cerebral cortex. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 86: 9015–9019
Goldman-Rakic PS, Lidow MS, Gallager DW . (1990): Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their subtypes in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 10: 2125–2138
Gorelova N, Yang CR . (1997a): The course of neural projection from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neurosci 76: 689–706
Gorelova N, Yang CR . (1997b): Dopamine D1 receptor stimulation modulates a slowly inactivating Na+ current in layer V–VI prefrontal cortical neurons. Soc Neurosci Abst 23: 1771
Gorelova N, Yang CR . (1998): Dopamine increases excitability of fast-spiking interneurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex via D1/5 receptor activation. Soc Neurosci Abs 24: 350
Gorelova N, Yang CR . (submitted): Dopamine D1/5 receptor activation modulates the persistent Na+ current in rat layer V–VI prefrontal cortical neurons. J Neurophysiol submitted.
Gottesman II . (1991): Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origin of Madness. New York, W. H. Freeman and Co.
Gould BJ, Carroll JE, Barrett RJ, Murphy KM, Reynolds IJ . (1983): Antipsychotic drugs of the diphenylbutylpiperidine type act as calcium channel antagonists. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 80: 5122–5125
Grace AA . (1993): Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 91: 111–134
Groenewegen HJ, Berendse HW, Wolters JG, Lohman AHM . (1990): The anatomical relationship of the prefrontal cortex with the striatopallidal system, the thalamus, and the amygdala: Evidence for a parallel organization. Prog Brain Res 85: 95–118
Gulledge AT, Jaffe DB . (1996): Dopamine depresses excitatory synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal cells in rat prefrontal cortex. Soc Abst 22: 360
Gulledge AT, Jaffe DB . (1998): Dopamine decreases the excitatability of layer V pyramidal cells in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 18: 9139–9151
Gutfreund Y, Yarom Y, Segev I . (1995): Subthreshold oscillations and resonant frequency in guinea pig cortical neurons: Physiology and modeling. J Physiol 483: 621–640
Haj-Dahmane S, Andrade R . (1997): Calcium-activated cation nonselective current contributes to the fast afterdepolarization in rat prefrontal cortex neurons. J Neurophysiol 78: 1983–1989
Hammond C, Crépel F . (1992): Evidence for a slowly inactivating K+ current in prefrontal cortical cells. Eur J Neurosci 4: 1087–1092
Heckers S, Rauch SL, Goff S, Savage CR, Schacter DL, Fischman AJ, Alpert NM . (1998): Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia. Nature Neurosci 1: 318–323
Hell JW, Westenbroek RE, Warner C, Ahlijanian MK, Prystay W, Gilbert MM, Snutch TP, Catterall WA . (1993): Identification and differential subcellular localization of the neuronal class C and class D L-type calcium channel alpha-1 subunits. J Cell Biol 123: 949–962
Hernández-López S, Bargas J, Surmeier DJ, Reyes A, Galarraga E . (1997): D1 receptor activation enhances evoked discharge in neostriata medium spiny neurons by modulating an L-type Ca2+ conductance. J Neurosci 17: 3334–3342
Hillman D, Chen S, Aung TT, Chersksey B, Sugimori M, Llinas RR . (1991): Localization of P-type calcium channels in the central nervous system. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 88: 7076–7080
Hirsch JA, Alonso J-M, Reid RC . (1995): Visually evoked calcium action potentials in cat striate cortex. Nature 378: 612–616
Hirsch JC, Crépel F . (1990): Use-dependent changes in synaptic efficiency in rat prefrontal neurons in vitro. J Physiol (London) 427: 31–49
Hirsch JC, Crépel F . (1991): Blockade of NMDA receptors unmasks a long-term depression in synaptic efficacy in rat prefrontal neurons in vitro. Exp Brain Res 85: 621–624
Hirsch JC, Crépel F . (1992a): Homo- and heterosynaptic changes in efficacy are expressed in prefrontal neurons: An in vitro study in the rat. Synapse 12: 82–85
Hirsch JC, Crépel F . (1992b): Postsynaptic calcium is necessary for the induction of LTP and LTD of monosynaptic EPSPs in prefrontal neurons: An in vitro study in the rat. Synapse 10: 173–175
Hoffman DA, Magee JC, Colbert CM, Johnston D . (1997): K+ channel regulation of signal propagation in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Nature 387: 869–875
Huang Q, Zhou D, Chase K, Gusella JF, Aronin N, DiFiglia M . (1992): Immunohistochemical localization of the D1 dopamine receptor in rat brain reveals its axonal transport, pre- and postsynaptic localization, and prevalence in the basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamic reticular nucleus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 89: 11988–11992
Huguenard JR, Hailll OP, Prince DA . (1989): Sodium channels in dendrites of rat cortical pyramidal neurons. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 86: 2473–2477
Ingvar DH, Franzen G . (1974): Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat Scand 50: 425–462
Iqbal N, van Praag HM . (1995): The role of serotonin in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 5: 11–23
Ito K, Nakazawa K, Koizumi S, Liu M, Takeuchi K, Hashimoto T, Ohno Y, Inoue K . (1996): Inhibition by antipsychotic drugs of L-type Ca2+ channel current in PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 314: 143–150
Jablensky A . (1995): Schizophrenia: The epidemiological horizon. In Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds), Schizophrenia. Cambridge, MA, Blackwell
Jaffe DB, Johnston D, Lasser-Ross N, Lisman JE, Miyakawa H, Ross WN . (1992): The spread of Na+ spikes determines the pattern of dendritic Ca2+ entry into hippocampal neurons. Nature 357: 244–246
Jarvie KR, Tiber M, Silvia C, Gingrich JA, Caron MG . (1993): Molecular cloning, stable expression, and desensitization of the human dopamine D1B/D5 receptor. J Receptor Res 13: 573–590
Jedema HP, Moghaddam B . (1994): Glutamatergic control of dopamine release during stress in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 63: 785–788
Jeffreys JGR, Traub RD, Whittington MA . (1996): Neuronal networks for induced “40 Hz” rhythms. Trends Neurosci 19: 202–208
Johnston D, Magee JC, Colbert CM, Christie B . (1996): Active properties of neuronal dendrites. Ann Rev Neurosci 19: 165–186
Jones SW, Elmslie KS . (1997): Transmitter modulation of neuronal calcium channels. J Memb Biol 155: 1–10
Joyce JN . (1993): The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Limbic interactions with serotonin and norepinephrine. Psychopharmacology 112: S16–S34
Kansra V, Chen C, Lokhandwala MF . (1995): Dopamine causes stimulation of protein kinase C in rat renal proximal tubules by activating dopamine D1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 289: 391–394
Kanter ED, Kapur A, Haberley LB . (1996): A dendritic GABAA-mediated IPSP regulates facilitation of NMDA-mediated responses to burst stimulation of afferent fibers in piriform cortex. J Neurosci 16: 307–312
Kapur S, Remington G . (1996): Serotonin–dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiat 153: 466–476
Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA . (1997): A turning point in schizophrenia genetics. Neuron 19: 967–979
Karreman M, Moghaddam B . (1996): The prefrontal cortex regulates the basal release of dopamine in the striatum: An effect mediated by dopamine cell bodies. J Neurochem 66: 589–598
Kavalali ET, Zhou M, Bito H, Tsien RW . (1997a): Dendritic Ca2+ channels characterized by recordings from isolated hippocampual dendritic segments. Neuron 18: 651–663
Kavalali ET, Hwang KS, Plummer MR . (1997b): cAMP-dependent enhancement of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel availability in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 17: 5334–5348
Kawaguchi Y . (1993): Grouping of nonpyramidal and pyramidal cells with specific physiological and morphological characteristics in rat frontal cortex. J Neurophsyiol 69: 416–431
Kawaguchi Y . (1995): Physiological subgroups of nonpyramidal cells with specific physiological and morphological characteristics in layer II/III of rat frontal cortex. J Neurosci 15: 2638–2655
Kawaguchi Y, Kubota Y . (1995): Correlation of physiological subgroupings of nonpyramidal cells with parvalbumin- and calbindin D28k-immunoreactive neurons in layer V of rat frontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 70: 387–396
Kawaguchi Y, Kubota Y . (1996): Physiological and morphological identification of somatostatin- or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cells among GABAergic cell subtypes in rat frontal cortex. J Neurosci 16: 2701–2715
Kim HG, Connors BW . (1993): Apical dendrites of the neocortex: Correlation between sodium- and calcium-dependent spiking and pyramidal cell morphology. J Neurosci 13: 5301–5311
Kim HG, Beierlein M, Connors BW . (1995): Inhibitory control of excitable dendrites in neocortex. J Neurophysiol 74: 1810–1814
King D, Zigmond MJ, Finlay JM . (1997): Effects of dopamine depletion in the medial prefrontal cortex on the stress-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 77: 141–153
Kitai ST, Surmeier DJ . (1993): Cholinergic and dopaminergic modulation of potassium conductances in neostriatal neurons. Adv Neurol 60: 40–52
Klink R, Alonso A . (1993): Ionic mechanisms for the subthreshold oscillations and differential electroresponsiveness of medila entorhinal cortex layer II neurons. J Neurophysiol 70: 144–157
Kolb B . (1984): Functions of the frontal cortex of the rat: A comparative review. Brain Res Rev 8: 65–98
Komondi A, Acsády L, Buzsáki G . (1998): Dendritic spikes are enhanced by cooperative network activity in the intact hippocampus. J Neurosci 18: 3919–3928
König P, Engel A . (1995): Correlated firing in sensory-motor systems. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5: 511–519
König P, Engel AK, Singer W . (1996): Integrator or coincidental detector? The role of the cortical neuron revisited. Trends Neurosci 19: 130–137
Krimer LS, Jakab RL, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1997): Quantitative three-dimensional analysis of the catecholaminergic innervation of identified neurons in the macaque prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 17: 7450–7461
Kritzer MF, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1995): Intrinsic circuit organization of the major layers and sublayers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 359: 131–143
Lampl I, Yarom Y . (1993): Subthreshold oscillations of the membrane potential: A functional synchronizing and timing device. J Neurophysiol 70: 2181–2186
Laurier LG, O'Dowd BF, George SR . (1994): Heterogeneous tissue-specific transciption of dopamine receptor subtype messenger RNA in rat brain. Mole Brain Res 25: 344–350
Law-Tho D, Hirsch JC, Crépel F . (1994): Dopamine modulation of synaptic transmission in rat prefrontal cortex: An in vitro electrophysiological study. Neurosci Res 21: 151–160
Levitt JB, Lewis DA, Yoshioka T, Lund J . (1993): Topography of pyramidal neuron intrinsic connections in macaque monkey prefrontal cortex (area 9 and 46). J Comp Neurol 338: 360–376
Lewis DA, Hayes TL, Lund JS, Oeth K . (1992): Dopamine and the neural circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex: Implications for schizophrenia research. Neuropsychopharmacology 6: 127–134
Lewis DA, Anderson SA . (1995): The functional architecture of the prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia. Psychol Med 25: 887–894
Lewis DA . (1997): Development of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence: Insights into vulnerable neural circuits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 16: 385–398
Liddle PF . (1996): Functional imaging–schizophrenia. Brit Med Bull 52: 486–494
Liddle PF, Friston KJ, Frith CD, Jones T, Hirsch SR, Frackowiak RSJ . (1992): Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Brit J Psychiat 160: 179–186
Lidefors N, Brene S, Herrera-Marschitz M, Persson H . (1989): Region-specifc regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression by dopamine neurons in the rat brain. Exp Brain Res 77: 611–620
Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gallager DW, Rakic P . (1991): Distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: Quantitative autoradiographic analysis using [3H]raclopride, [3H]spiperone and [3H]SCH23390. Neuroscience 40: 657–671
Lidow MS, Wang F, Cao Y, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1998): Layer V neurons bear the majority of mRNAs encoding the five distinct dopamine receptor subtypes in the primate prefrontal cortex. Synapse 28: 10–20
Lipowsky R, Gillessen T, Alzeheimer C . (1996): Dendritic Na+ channels amplify EPSPs in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. J Neurophysiol 76: 2181–2191
Lisman J . (1994): The CaM kinase II hypothesis for the storage of synaptic memory. Trends Neurosci 17: 406–412
Llinas R, Grace AA, Yarom Y . (1991): In vitro neurons in mammalian cortical layer 4 exhibit intrinsic oscillatory activity in the 10- to 50-Hz frequency range. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 88: 897–901
MacVicar BA . (1984): Infrared video microscopy to visualize neurons in the in vitro brain slice preparation. J Neurosci Meth 12: 133–139
Magee JC, Hoffman D, Colbert C, Johnston D . (1998): Electrical and calcium signaling in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Ann Rev Physiol 60: 327–346
Magee JC, Johnston D . (1995a): Synaptic activation of voltage-gated channels in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Science 268: 301–304
Magee JC, Johnston D . (1995b): Characterization of single voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels in apical dendrites of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Physiol (London) 487: 67–90
Magee JC, Avery RB, Christie BR, Johnston D . (1996): Dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels contribute to the resting intracellular Ca2+ concentration of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 76: 3460–3470
Magee JC, Johnston D . (1997): A synaptically controlled, associated signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Science 275: 209–213
Mansour A, Meader-Woodruff JH, Bunzow JR, Civelli O, Akil H, Watson SJ . (1990): Localization of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA and D1 and D2 receptor binding in the rat brain and pituitary: An in situ hybridization-receptor autoradiographic analysis. J Neurosci 10: 2587–2600
Mansour A, Meader-Woodruff JH, Zhou Q-Y, Civelli O, Akil H, Watson SJ . (1991): A comparison of D1 receptor binding and mRNA in rat brain using receptor autographic and in situ hybridization techniques. Neuroscience 45: 359–371
Marchetti C, Carbone E, Lux HD . (1986): Effects of dopamine and noradrenaline on Ca2+ channels of cultured sensory and sympathetic neurons of chick. Pflügers Archiv Europ J Physiol 406: 104–111
Marek GJ, Aghajanian GK . (1998): The electrophysiology of prefrontal serotonin systems: Therapeutic implications for mood and psychosis. Biol Psychiat 44: 1118–1127
Markram H . (1997): A network of tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Cereb Cortex 7: 523–533
Markram H, Sakmann B . (1994): Calcium transients in dendrites of neocortical neurons evoked by single subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials via low-voltage-activated calcium channels. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 91: 5207–5211
Markram H, Helm PJ, Sakmann B . (1995): Dendritic calcium transients evoked by single back-propagating action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol (London) 485: 1–20
Markram H, Lübke J, Frostscher M, Sakmann B . (1997a): Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs. Science 275: 213–217
Markram H, Lübke J, Frostscher M, Roth A, Sakmann B . (1997b): Physiology and anatomy of synaptic connections between thick tufted pyramidal neurons in the developing rat neocortex. J Physiol (London) 500: 409–440
Masukawa LM, Prince DA . (1984): Synaptic control of excitability in isolated dendrites of hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 4: 217–227
Mathew RJ, Wilson WH, Tant SR, Robinson L, Prakash R . (1988): Abnormal resting regional cerebral blood flow patterns and their correlates in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 542–549.
Matsumoto M, Hidaka K, Tada S, Tasaki T, Yamaguchi T . (1996): Low levels of mRNA for dopamine D4 receptor in human cerebral cortex and striatum. J Neurochem 66: 915–919
Mattay VS, Berman KF, Ostrem JL, Esposito G, van Horn JD, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR . (1996): Dextroamphetamine enhances “neural network-specific” physiological signals: Positron emission tomography rCBF study. J Neurosci 16: 4816–4822
McCabe RT, Wasterlain CG, Kucharczk N, Sofia RD, Vogel JR . (1993): Evidence for anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant action of felbamate mediated by strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Therp 264: 1248–1252
McMillian MK, He XP, Hong JS, Pennypacker KR . (1992): Dopamine stimulates [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibytyrate binding in cultured stiratal cells. J Neurochem 58: 1308–1312
Mel BW . (1994): Information processing in dendritic trees. Neural Comput 6: 1031–1085
Meador-Woodruff JH, Mansour A, Bunzow J, Van Tol HHM, Watson SJ, Civelli O . (1989): Distribution of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 86: 7625–7628
Meador-Woodruff JH, Damask SP, Wang J-C, Haroutunian V, Davis KL, Watson SJ . (1996): Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 15: 17–29
Mengod G, Vilaró MT, Niznik HB, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, O'Dowd BF, Palacios JM . (1991): Visualization of a dopamine D1 receptor mRNA in human and rat brain. Mol Brain Res 10: 185–191
Midgaard J . (1994): Processing of information from different sources: Spatial synaptic integration in the dendrites of vertebrate CNS neurons. Trends Neurosci 17: 166–173
Miles R, Toth K, Gulyás-Hájos N, Freund TF . (1996): Difference between somatic and dendritic inhibition in the hippocampus. Neuron 16: 815–823
Miller JP, Rall W, Rinzel J . (1985): Synaptic amplification by active membrane in dendritic spines. Brain Res 325: 325–330
Mills LR, Niesen CE, So AP, Carlen PL, Spigelman I, Jones OT . (1994): N-type Ca2+ channels are located on somata, dendrites, and a subpopulation of dendritic spines on live hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 14: 6815–6824
Mitchell BD, Cauller LJ . (1997): Corticocortical and thalamocortical projections to layer I of the prefrontal/premotor neocortex in rats. Soc Neurosci Abst 23: 1273
Mitchell JB, Gratton A . (1992): Partial dopamine depletion of the prefrontal cortex leads to enhanced mesolimbic dopamine release elicited by repeated exposure to naturally reinforcing stimuli. J Neurosci 12: 3609–3618
Miura M, Yoshioka M, Miyakawa H, Kato H, Ken-Ichi I . (1997): Properties of calcium spikes revealed during GABAA receptor antagonism in hippocampal CA1 neurons from guinea pigs. J Neurophysiol 78: 2269–2279
Moghaddam B, Adams BW . (1998): Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science 281: 1349–1352
Mogenson GJ, Brudzynski S, Wu M, Yang CR, Yim CY . (1993): From motivation to action: A review of dopaminergic regulation of limbic→nucleus accumbens→ ventral pallidum→pedunculopontine nucleus circuitries involved in limbic-motor integration. In Kalivas P, Barnes C (eds), The Mesolimbic Motor Circuit and Its Role In Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp 193–236
Moorman JR, Kirsch GE, Van Dongen AM, Joho RH, Brown AM . (1990): Fast and slow gating of sodium channels encoded by a single mRNA. Neuron 4: 243–252
Mrzijak L, Bergson C, Pappy M, Huff R, Levenson R, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1996): Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain. Nature 381: 245–248
Muly EC, Szigeti K, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1997): D1 dopamine receptors are present in parvalbumin-positive interneurons in macaque prefrontal cortex. Soc Neurosci Abs 23: 1772
Murase S, Grenhoff J, Chouvet G, Gonon FG, Svensson TH . (1993): Prefrontal cortex regulates burst firing and transmitter release in rat mesolimbic dopamine neurons studied in vivo. Neurosci Lett 157: 53–56
Murphy BL, Arnsten AFT, Goldman-Rakic PS, Roth RH . (1996): Increased dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in rats and monkeys. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93: 1325–1329
Ng GYK, Mouillac B, George S, Caron M, Dennis M, Bouvier M, O'Dowd BF . (1994): Desensitization, phosphorylation, and palmitoylation of the human dopamine D1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 267: 7–19
Ng GYK, Trogadis J, Stevens J, Bouvier M, O'Dowd BF, George SR . (1995): Agonist-induced desensitization of dopamine D1 recptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is temporally and biochemically separated from D1 receptor internalization. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92: 10157–10161
Nisenbaum ES, Zao CX, Wilson CJ . (1994): Contribution of a slowly inactivating potassium current to the transition to firing of neostriatal spiny projection neurons. J Neurophysiol 71: 1174–1189
Nisenbaum ES, Wilson CJ, Foehring RC, Surmeier J . (1996): Isolation and characterization of a persistent potassium current in neostiratal neurons. J Neurophysiol 76: 1180–1194
Nisenbaum ES, Mermelstein PG, Wilson CJ, Surmeier DJ . (1998): Selective blockade of a slowly inactivating potassium current in striatal neurons by (±) 6-chloro-APB-hydrobromide (SKF82958). Synapse 29: 213–224
Niznik HB, van Tol HHM . (1992): Dopamine receptor genes: New tools for molecular psychiatry. J Psychiat Neurosci 17: 158–180
Numan R, Catterall WA, Scheuer T . (1991): Functional modulation of brain sodium channels by protein kinase C phosphorylation. Science 254: 115–118
Ogata N, Yoshi M, Narahashi T . (1989): Psychotropic drugs block voltage-gated ion channels in neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 476: 140–147
Ogawa N . (1995): Molecular and chemical neuropharmacology of dopamine receptor subtypes. Acta Med Okayma 49: 1–11
Okubo Y, Suhara T, Suzuki K, Kabayashi K, Inoue O, Tarasaki O, Somiya Y, Sassa T, Sudo Y, Matsushima E, Iyo M, Tatono Y, Toru M . (1997): Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET. Nature 385: 634–636
Olney JW, Farber NB . (1995): Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiat 52: 998–1007
Otani S, Blond O, Desce J-M, Crépel F . (1998): Dopamine facilitates long-term depression of glutamatergic transmission in rat prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 85: 669–676
Park S, Holzman PS . (1992): Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiat 49: 975–982
Park S, Holzman PS . (1993): Association of working memory deficits and eye-tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizo Res 11: 55–61
Paupardin-Tritsch D, Colombaioni L, Deterre P, Gerschenfeld HM . (1985): Two different mechanisms of calcium spike modulation by dopamine. J Neurosci 5: 2522–2532
Penit-Soria J, Audinat E, Crépel F . (1987): Excitation of rat prefrontal cortical neurons by dopamine: An in vitro electrophysiological study. Brain Res 425: 263–274
Perkel DJ, Petrozzino JJ, Nicoll RA, Connor JA . (1993): The role of Ca2+ entry via synaptically activated NMDA receptors in the induction of long-term potentiation. Neuron 11: 817–823
Peters A . (1987): Number of neurons and synapses in primary visual cortex. In Jones EG, Peters A (eds), Cerebral Cortex: Further Aspects of Cortical Function, Including Hippocampus. New York, Plenum Press, pp 267–294
Pfeiffer-Linn CL, Lasater EM . (1996): Dopamine modulates unitary conductance of single PL-type calcium channels in Roccus Chrysops retinal horizontal cells. J Physiol (London) 496: 607–616
Pfefferbaum A, Marsh L . (1995): Structural brain imaging in schizophrenia. Clin Neurosci 3: 105–111
Phillipson OT . (1979): Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus: A horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 187: 117–144
Pirot S, Godbout R, Mantz J, Tassin JP, Glowinski J, Thierry AM . (1992): Inhibitory effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation on the activity of prefrontal cortical neurons: Evidence for involvement of both dopaminergic and GABAergic components. Neuroscience 49: 857–865
Pirot S, Jay TM, Glowinski J, Thierry AM . (1994): Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for an excitatory amino acid pathway from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 6: 1225–1234
Pirot S, Jay TM, Glowinski J, Thierry AM . (1996): Mediodorsal thalamic evoked responses in the rat prefrontal cortex: Influence of the mesocortical DA system. Neuroreport 7: 1437–1441
Porrino LJ, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1982): Brain stem innervation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey revealed by retrograde transport of HRP. J Comp Neurol 205: 63–76
Posner MI, Early TS, Reiman E, Pardo PJ, Dhawan M . (1988): Asymmetries in hemispheric control attention in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiat 45: 814–821
Pucak ML, Levitt JB, Lund JS, Lewis DA . (1996): Patterns of intrinsic and associational circuitry in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 376: 614–630
Quirion R, Lafaille F, Nair NPV . (1985): Comparative potencies of Ca2+ channels antagonists and antischizophrenic drugs on central and peripheral Ca2+ channel binding sites. J Pharm Pharmacol 37: 437–452
Rall W, Burke RE, Holmes WR, Jack JJB, Redman SJ, Segev I . (1992): Matching dendritic neuron models to experimental data. Physiol Rev 72: S159–S186
Reader TA, Ferron A, Descarries L, Jasper HH . (1979): Modulatory role for biogenic amines in the cerebral cortex. Microiontophoretic studies. Brain Res 160: 217–229
Rho JM, Donevan SD, Rogawski MA . (1994): Mechanism of action of the anticonvulsant felbamate: Opposing effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate and γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors. Ann Neurol 35: 229–234
Regehr WG, Tank DW . (1990): Postsynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated calcium accumulation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites. Nature 345: 807–810
Regehr WG, Tank DW . (1992): Calcium concentration dynamics produced by synaptic activation of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Neurosci 12: 4202–4223
Regehr W, Kehoe J, Ascher P, Armstrong C . (1993): Synaptically triggered action potentials in dendrites. Neuron 11: 145–151
Rétaux S, Besson MJ, Penit-Soria J . (1991): Opposing effects of dopamine D2 receptor stimulation on the spontaneous and the electrically evoked release [3H GABA] on rat prefrontal cortex slices. Neuroscience 42: 61–71
Rétaux S, Trovero F, Besson MJ . (1994): Role of dopamine in the plasticity of gluatmic acid decarboxylase messenger RNA in the rat frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 6: 1782–1791
Reuveni I, Friedman A, Amitai Y, Gutnick MJ . (1993): Step-wise repolarization from Ca2+ plateaus in neocortical pyramidal cells: Evidence for nonhomogeneous distribution of HVA Ca2+ channels in dendrites. J Neurosci 13: 4609–4621
Roberts GW, Bruton CJ . (1990): Notes from the graveyard: Neuropathology and schizophrenia. Neuropathol App Neurobiol 16: 3–16
Ross CA, Pearlson GD . (1996): Schizophrenia, the heteromodal association neocortex and development: Potential for a neurogenetic approach. Trends Neurosci 19: 171–176
Sah P, Nicoll RA . (1991): Mechanisms underlying potentiation of synaptic transmission in rat anterior cingulate cortex in vitro. J Physiol (London) 433: 615–630
Sah DWY, Bean BP . (1994): Inhibition of P-type and N-type calcium channels by dopamine receptor antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 45: 84–92
Sakai M, Hamada I . (1981): Intracellular activity and morphology of the prefrontal neurons related to visual attention task in behaving monkeys. Exp Brain Res 41: 195–198
Sawaguchi T . (1987): Catecholamine sensitivities neuron related to a visual reaction time task in the monkey prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 48: 1100–1122
Sawaguchi T, Matsumura M, Kubota K . (1990a): Catecholamine effects on neuronal activity related to a delayed response task in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 63: 1385–1400
Sawaguchi T, Matsumura M, Kubota K . (1990b): Effects of dopamine antagonists on neuronal activity related to a delayed response task in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 63: 1401–1412
Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1994): The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: Local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. J Neurophysiol 71: 515–528
Sayer RJ, Schwindt PC, Crill WE . (1990): High- and low-threshold calcium currents in neurons acutely isolated from rat sensorimotor cortex. Neurosci Lett 120: 175–178
Sayer RJ, Brown AM, Schwindt PC, Crill WE . (1993): Calcium currents in acutely isolated human neocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 69: 1596–1606
Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Mozley D, Mozley LH, Resnick SM, Kester B, Stafiniak P . (1991): Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: Selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch Gen Psychiat 48: 618–624
Schiffmann SN, Lledo PM, Vincent JD . (1995): Dopamine D1 receptor modulates the voltage-gated sodium current in rat striatal neurons through a protein kinase A. J Physiol (London) 483: 95–107
Schiller J, Helmchen F, Sakmann B . (1995): Spatial profile of dendritic calcium transients evoked by action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol (London) 489: 583–600
Schiller J, Schiller Y, Stuart G, Sakmann B . (1997): Calcium action potential restricted to distal apical dendrites of rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol (London) 505: 605–616
Schwindt PC . (1992): Ionic currents governing input–output relations of Betz cells. In McKenna T, Davis J, Zornnetzer SF (eds), Single Neuron Computation. New York, Academic Press, Chapter 9, pp 235–258
Schwindt PC, Crill W . (1995): Amplification of synaptic current by persistent sodium conductance in apical dendrite of neocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 74: 2220–2224
Schwindt PC, Crill W . (1997a): Local and propagated dendritic action potentials evoked by glutamate iontophoresis on rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 77: 2466–2483
Schwindt PC, Crill W . (1997b): Modification of current transmitted from apical dendrite to soma by blockade of voltage- and Ca2+-dependent conductances in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 78: 187–198
Schwindt PC, Crill W . (1998): Synaptically evoked dendritic action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 79: 2432–2446
Schwindt PC, Spain WJ, Foering RkC, Stafstrom CE, Chubb MC, Crill WE . (1988): Multiple potassium conductances and their functions in neurons from cat sensorimotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 59: 424–449
Seamans JK, Gorelova N, Yang CR . (1997): Contribution of voltage-gated Ca2+ potentials in the proximal versus distal dendrites to synaptic integration in prefrontal cortical neurons. J Neurosci 17: 5936–5948
Seamans JK, Floresco SB, Phillips AG . (1998): D1 Receptor modulation of hippocampal–prefrontal cortical circuits integrating spatial memory with executive functions in the rat. J Neurosci 18: 1613–1621
Seeman P . (1992): Dopamine receptor sequences: Therapeutic levels of neuroleptics occupy D2 receptors, clozapine occupies D4. Neuropsychopharmacology 7: 261–284
Séguéla P, Watkins KC, Descarries L . (1988): Ultrastructural features of dopamine axon terminals in the anteromedial and the suprarhinal cortex of adult rat. Brain Res 442: 11–22
Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1995): Abnormally high neuronal density in the schzophrenic cortex. Arch Gen Psychiat 52: 805–818
Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1998): Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: apAlication of a three-dimensional stereologic counting method. J Comp Neurol 392: 402–412
Sesack SR, Bunney BS . (1989): Pharmacological characterization of the receptor mediating electrophysiological responses to dopamine in rat medial prefrontal cortex: A microiontophoretic study. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 248: 1323–1333
Sesack SR, Deutch AY, Roth RH, Bunney BS . (1989): Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: An anterograde tract-tracing study with phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 290: 213–242
Sesack SR, Pickel VM . (1992): Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J Comp Neurol 320: 145–160
Sesack SR, Snyder CL, Lewis D . (1995): Axon terminals immunolabeled for dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase synapse on GABA-immunoreactive dendrites in rat and monkey cortex. J Comp Neurol 363: 264–280
Shapiro RM . (1993): Regional neuropathology in schizophrenia: Where are we? Where are we going? Schizophrenia Res 10: 187–239
Shepherd GM, Brayton RK, Miller JP, Segev I, Rinzel J, Rall W . (1985): Signal enhancement in distal cortical dendrites by means of interactions between active dendritic spines. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 82: 2192–2195
Shi W-X, Zheng P, Liang X-F, Bunney BS . (1997): Characterization of dopamine-induced depolarization of prefrontal cortical neurons. Synapse 26: 415–422
Simon H, Scatton B, Le Moal M . (1980): Dopaminergic A10 neurones are involved in cognitive functions. Nature 286: 150–151
Singer W . (1993): Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Ann Rev Physiol 55: 274–349
Singer W, Gray CM . (1995): Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Ann Rev Neurosci 18: 555–586
Smiley JF, Williams M, Szigeti K, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1992): Light and electron microscopic characterization of dopamine-immunoreactive axons in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 321: 325–335
Smiley JF, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1993): Heterogeneous targets of dopamine synapses in monkey prefrontal cortex demonstrated by serial section electron microscopy: A laminar analysis using the silver-enhanced diaminobenzidone sulfide (SEDS) immunolabeling technique. Cereb Cortex 3: 223–238
Smith RD, Goldin AL . (1997): Phosphorylation at a single site in the rat brain sodium channel is necessary and sufficient for current reduction by protein kinase A. J Neurosci 17: 6086–6093
Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martes M-P, Bouthenet M-L, Schwartz J-C . (1990): Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347: 146–151
Soltesz I, Smetter DK, Mody I . (1995): Tonic inhibition originates from synapses close to the soma. Neuron 14: 1273–1283
Spruston N, Schiller Y, Stuart G, Sakmann B . (1995): Acitivity-dependent action potential invasion and calcium influx into hippocampal CA1 dendrites. Science 268: 297–300
Stafstrom CE, Schwindt PC, Chubb MC, Crill WE . (1985): Properties of persistent sodium conductance and calcium conductance of layer V neurons from cat sensorimotor cortex in vitro. J Neurophysiol 53: 153–170
Stevens JR . (1992): Abnormal reinnervation as a basis for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiat 49: 238–243
Storm JF . (1988): Temporal integration by a slowly inactivating K+ current in hippocampal neurons. Nature 336: 379–381
Stuart GJ, Sakmann B . (1994): Active propagation of somatic action potentials into neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites. Nature 367: 69–72
Stuart GJ, Sakmann B . (1995): Amplification of EPSPs by axosomatic sodium channels in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Neuron 15: 1065–1076
Stuart GJ, Spruston N . (1995): Probing dendritic function with patch pipettes. Current Opin Neurobiol 5: 389–394
Stuart GJ, Spruston N . (1998): Determinants of voltage attenuation in neocortical pyramidal neuron dendrites. J Neurosci 18: 3501–3510
Stuart GJ, Dodt HU, Sakmann B . (1993): Patch-clamp recordings from the soma and dendrites of neurons in brain slices using infrared video mciroscopy. Pfluger Arch Eur J Physiol 423: 511–518
Stuart G, Schiller J, Sakmann B . (1997): Action potential initiation and propagation in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 505: 617–632
Sunahara RK, Guan H-C, O'Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HHM, Niznik HB . (1991): Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature 350: 614–619
Surmeier DJ, Eberwine J, Wilson CJ, Cao Y, Stefani A, Kitai ST . (1992): Dopamine receptor subtypes colocalize in rat striatonigral neurons. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 89: 10178–10182
Surmeier DJ, Bargas J, Hemming HC Jr, Nairn AC, Greengard P . (1995): Modulation of calcium currents by a D1 dopaminergic protein kinase/phosphatase cascade in rat neostriatal neurons. Neuron 14: 385–397
Sutor B, Zieglgansberger W . (1987): A low-voltage activated, transient calcium current is responsible for the time-dependent depolarizing inward rectification of rat neocortical neurons in vitro. Pflueger Arch Eur J Physiol 410: 102–111
Suzuki H, Azuma M . (1977): Prefrontal neuronal activity during gazing at a light spot in the monkey. Brain Res 126: 497–508
Svoboda K, Denk W, Kleinfeld D, Tank DW . (1997): In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Nature 385: 161–165
Swanson LW . (1982): The projections of the ventral tegmental area and adjacent regions: A combined fluorescent retrograde tracer and immunofluorescence study in the rat. Brain Res Bull 9: 321–353
Swanson LW, Kohler C . (1986): Anatomical evidence for direct projections from the entorhinal area to the entire cortical mantle in the rat. J Neurosci: 3010–3023
Taber M, Das S, Fibiger HC . (1995): Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine release: Mediation via ventral tegmental area. J Neurochem 6: 61407–61410
Thompson AM, Deuchars J . (1997): Synaptic interactions in neocortical local circuits: Dual intracellular recordings in vitro. Cereb Cortex 7: 510–522
Tsubokawa H, Ross WN . (1996): IPSPs modulate spike backpropagation and associated [Ca2+]i changes in the dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 76: 2896–2906
Uylings HBM, van Eden CG . (1990): Qualitative and quantitive comparison of the prefrontal cortex in rat and in primates, including humans. Prog Brain Res 85: 31–61
Vaadia E, Haalman I, Abeles M, Bergman H, Prut Y, Slovin H, Aertsen A . (1995): Dynamics of neuronal interactions in monkey cortex in relation to behavioral events. Nature 373: 515–518
van Eden CG, Hoorneman EMD, Buijs RM, Mathussen MAH, Geffard M, Uylings HBM . (1987): Immunohistochemical localization of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the rat at the light, electron microscopical level. Neurosci 22: 849–862
van Eden CG, Lamme VAF, Uylings HBM . (1992): Heterotopic cortical afferents to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. Combined retrograde and anterograde tracer study. Eur J Neurosci 4: 77–97
van Tol HHM, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Civelli O . (1991): Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350: 610–614.
Verney C, Alvarez C, Geffard M, Berger B . (1990): Ultrastructural double labeling study of dopamine terminals and GABA-containing neurons in rat anteromedial cerebral cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2: 295–298
Vincent SL, Khan Y, Benes FM . (1993): Cellular distribution of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 13: 2551–2564
Vincent SL, Khan Y, Benes FM . (1995): Cellular colocalization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Synapse 19: 112–120
Watanabe M, Kodama T, Hikosaka K . (1997): Increase of extracellular dopamine in primate prefrontal cortex during a working memory task. J Neurophysiol 78: 2795–2798
Weinberger DR . (1991): Anteromedial temporal-prefrontal connectivity: A functional neuroanatomical system implicated in schizophrenia. In Carroll BJ, Barrett JE (eds), Psychpathology and the Brain. New York, Raven, pp 25–43
Weinberger DR . (1996): On the plausibility of “the neurodevelopmental hypothesis” of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 14: S1–S11
Weinberger DR, Berman KF . (1996): Prefrontal function in schizophrenia: Confounds and controversies. Phil Trans Roy Soc London Series B 351: 1495–1503
Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zee RF . (1986): Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch Gen Psychiat 43: 114–124
Westenbroek RE, Merrick DK, Catterall WA . (1989): Differential subcellular localization of the R1 and RII Na+ channel subtypes in central neurons. Neuron 3: 694–704
Westenbroek RE, Ahlijhanian MK, Catterall WA . (1990): Clustering of L-type Ca2+ channels at the base of major dendrites in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Nature 347: 281–284
Westenbroek RE, Hell JW, Warner C, Dubel SJ, Snutch TP, Catterall WA . (1992): Biochemical properties and subcellular distribution of an N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit. Neuron 9: 1099–1115
Whittington MA, Traub RD, Jeffreys JGR . (1995): Synchronized oscillations in interneuronal networks driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Nature 373: 612–615
Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1995): Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376: 572–575
Williams PJ, MacVicar BA, Pittman QJ . (1990): Synaptic modulation by dopamine of calcium currents in rat pars intermedia. J Neurosci 10: 757–763
Williams SM, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1993): Characterization of the dopaminergic innervation of the primate frontal cortex using a dopamine-specific antibody. Cereb Cortex 3: 199–222
Wilson FAW, Scalaidhe SPO, Goldman-Rakic PS . (1994): Functional synergism between putative γ-aminobutyrate-containing neurons and pyramidal neurons in prefrontal cortex. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 91: 4009–4013
Wolkin A, Sanfilipo M, Wolf AP, Angrist B, Brodie JD, Rostrosen J . (1992): Negative symptoms and hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiat 49: 959–965
Wong DF, Giedde A, Reith J, Grunder G, Szymanski S, Yokoi F, Hong C, Nestadt G, Neufeld K, Pearlson G, Tune L, Angrist B . (1997): Imaging intrasynaptic, postsynaptic, and presynaptic dopamine dysfunction in psychosis. Soc Neurosci Abs 23: 1405
Yang CR, Mogenson GJ . (1990): Dopaminergic modulation of cholinergic responses in rat medial prefrontal cortex: An electrophysiological study. Brain Res 524: 271–281
Yang CR, Seamans JS . (1996): Dopamine D1 receptor actions in layer V–VI rat prefrontal cortex neurons in vitro: Modulation of dendritic-somatic signal integration. J Neurosci 16: 1922–1935
Yang CR, Seamans JS, Gorelova N . (1996a): Electrophysiological and morphological properties of layer V–VI principal pyramidal cells in rat prefrontal cortex in vitro. J Neurosci 16: 1904–1921
Yang CR, Seamans JK, Gorelova N . (1996b): Focal dendritic D1 receptor stimulation differentially modulates layer I–II and V–VI glutamate inputs to deep layer prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro. Soc Neurosci Ab 22: 1770
Yang CR, Seamans JK, Gorelova N . (1997a): Mechanisms of dopamine modulation of GABAergic inputs to rat layer V–VI pyramidal prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro. Soc Neurosci Abs 23: 1771
Yang CR, Au-Young S, Shen H, Gorelova N . (1997b): Layer V–VI prefrontal cortical outputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their firing modulation by VTA stimulation in vivo. Proceedings of the 33rd International Congress of Physiological Sciences (IUPS), St. Petersburg, Russia.
Yang CR, Seamans JK, Gorelova N . (1998): Dopamine D1/5 receptor activation influences N- & L-type Ca2+ channels to modulate dendritic Ca2+ potentials in pyramidal prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons. Soc Neurosci Abs 24: 854
Ye JH, Akaike N . (1993): Calcium currents in pyramidal neurons acutely dissociated from the rat frontal cortex: A study by the nystatin perforated patch technique. Brain Res 606: 111–117
Yuste R, Gutnick MJ, Saar D, Delaney K, Tank DW . (1994): Ca2+ accumulations in dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons: An apical band and evidence for two functional compartments. Neuron 13: 23–43
Yuste R, Tank DW . (1996): Dendritic integration in mammalian neurons, a century after Cajal. Neuron 16: 701–716
Zahrt J, Taylor JR, Mathew RG, Arnsten AFT . (1997): Supranormal stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors in the rodent prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance. J Neurosci 17: 8528–8535
Zhang P, Bunney BS, Shi W-X . (1997): Electrophysiological characterization and effect of dopamine on visually identified nonpyramdal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Soc Neurosci Abs 23: 1212
Zhang X-F, Hu X-T, White FJ . (1998): Whole-cell plasticity in cocaine withdrawal: Reduced sodium currents in nucleus accumbens neurons. J Neurosci 18: 488–498
Acknowledgements
The critiques of Drs. Peter Liddle, Anthony Phillips, Charles Blaha, David Bleakman, and Darryl Schoepp on an earlier draft of the manuscript are greatly appreciated. We thank Dr. Susan Sesack of the University of Pittsburgh for providing us a synopsis of the major afferents that innervate different cortical lamina of the rat prefrontal cortex. We are grateful to the third anonymous reviewer, who spent his or her time to make extensive editorial changes to improve the flow of the text. We also thank the proofreading efforts of Mark Mulhauser, Nishi Gil, Winnie Ng, and Julianne Dixon-Yang. This work was funded by the E.J.L.B. Foundation and the Medical Research Council of Canada. J.K.S. is a recipient of a National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Post-Doctoral Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, C., Seamans, J. & Gorelova, N. Developing a Neuronal Model for the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Based on the Nature of Electrophysiological Actions of Dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex. Neuropsychopharmacol 21, 161–194 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00112-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00112-2
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Plasma-assisted synthesis of MnO2–polyaniline composite for electrochemical sensing of dopamine
Chemical Papers (2021)
-
Losing Control Under Ketamine: Suppressed Cortico-Hippocampal Drive Following Acute Ketamine in Rats
Neuropsychopharmacology (2015)
-
Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Repetitive Combined Treatments of Ketamine and Amphetamine in Mice
Neurochemical Research (2014)
-
Transient Inactivation of the Neonatal Ventral Hippocampus Impairs Attentional Set-Shifting Behavior: Reversal with an α7 Nicotinic Agonist
Neuropsychopharmacology (2012)
-
Amygdala-prefrontal pathways and the dopamine system affect nociceptive responses in the prefrontal cortex
BMC Neuroscience (2011)
