Figure 2

(a) Agarose gel electrophoresis for RT-PCR and PCR of RNA virus and DNA virus with correspondent mRNA TNFα expression. Lane 1: EMB positive for enterovirus case 11 (297 bp); lane 2: TNFα expression of case 11 (325 bp); lane 3: EMB positive for cytomegalovirus case 27 (280 bp); lane 4: TNFα expression of case 27; lane 5: EMB positive for hepatitis C virus case 2 (256 bp); lane 6: TNFα expression of case 2; lane 7: EMB positive for influenza B virus case 19 (241 bp); lane 8: TNFα expression of case 19; lane 9: EMB positive for influenza A virus case n. 10 (190 bp); lane 10: TNFα expression of case 10; lane 11: negative control; lane 12: Marker VIII; lane 13: EMB positive for adenovirus case 6 (308 bp); lane 14: TNFα expression of case 6; lane 15: EMB positive for Epstein–Barr virus case 13 (268 bp); lane 16: TNFα expression of case 13. (b) TNFα expression in viral and in nonviral myocarditis. Cytokine mRNA was detected in 16 out of 20 viral positive cases vs only three out of 18 nonviral cases (P=0.001). No evidence for TNFα mRNA expression in the controls.