Table 4 Genetic alterations in pancreatic cancera

From: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: update on the surgical pathology of carcinomas of ductal origin and PanINs

Type of gene

Gene

Chromosome

Mechanism of alteration

% Of cases

Oncogenes

KRAS

12p

Point mutations in codon 12

>90

 

BRAF

7q

Point mutations

Tumors with wild-type KRAS

 

MYB

6q

Amplification

10

 

AKT2

19q

Amplification

10–20

 

AIB1

20q

Amplification

66

 

HER/2-neu

17q

Overexpression

Large range

Tumor suppressor genes

P16/CDKN2A

9p

LOH+IM, HD, Meth

>95

 

TP53

17p

LOH+IM

50–75

 

MAD4/DPC4

18q

LOH+IM, HD

55

 

MKK4

17p

LOH+IM, HD

4

 

STK11/LKB1

19p

Germline, LOH+IM

4–6

 

TGFβR1 (ALK 5)

9q

HD

2

 

TGFβR2

3p

HD, Bi-IM

4–7 (tumors with MSI)

 

ACVR1β (ALK 4)

12q

HD, LOH+IM

2

 

ACVR2

2q

Bi-IM, LOH+IM

Tumors with MSI

 

FBXW7

4

LOH+IM

<5

 

EP300

22q

LOH+IM

25

DNA mismatch repair

MLH1

3p

Germline, Meth

3–15

 

BRCA2

13q

Germline

7

 

FANC-C

9q

HD, LOH+IM

<5

 

FANC-G

9p

LOH+IM

<5

Mitochondrial genome

Multiple

Mitochondrial DNA

IM

100

  1. HD=homozygous mutation; IM=intragenic mutation; LOH=loss of heterozygosity; Meth=hypermethylation; MSI=microsatellite instability; Bi-IM=bi-allelic intragenic mutations, usually in a poly A tract in MSI cases.
  2. aAdapted from Hruban et al7 courtesy of the American Registry of Pathology.
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