Many of the studies that use animals to model human diseases are too small and too prone to bias to be trusted, says Malcolm Macleod.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Between two stools: preclinical research, reproducibility, and statistical design of experiments
BMC Research Notes Open Access 21 February 2022
-
Variability and sex-dependence of hypothermic neuroprotection in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury: a single laboratory meta-analysis
Scientific Reports Open Access 02 July 2020
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Kilkenny, C. et al. PLoS ONE 4, e7824 (2009).
Sena, E., van der Worp, H. B., Howells, D. & Macleod, M. Trends Neurosci. 30, 433-439 (2007).
Sena, E. S. et al. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000344 (2010).
Kilkenny, C. et al. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000412 (2010).
Additional information
Malcolm Macleod is a clinical neuroscientist at the University of Edinburgh, UK, and a member of CAMARADES (Collaborative Approach to Meta Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macleod, M. Why animal research needs to improve. Nature 477, 511 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/477511a
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/477511a
This article is cited by
-
Between two stools: preclinical research, reproducibility, and statistical design of experiments
BMC Research Notes (2022)
-
The Tangled Knots of Neuroscientific Experimentation
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science (2022)
-
One hundred years ago: the dawning of the insulin era
Acta Diabetologica (2021)
-
Variability and sex-dependence of hypothermic neuroprotection in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury: a single laboratory meta-analysis
Scientific Reports (2020)