Table 3 Tobacco use in ESCC cases and matched controls

From: Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran

 

ESCC cases

Matched controls

Unadjusted

Adjusted

 
 

N (%)

N (%)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI) a

P for trend b

Cigarette smoking c

 Never

232 (78)

471 (83)

Referent

Referent

—

 Ever

67 (22)

99 (17)

1.35 (0.92–2.00)

1.47 (0.98–2.21)

 

Cigarette smoking

 Never used

232 (78)

471 (83)

Referent

Referent

0.05

 Former smoker

34 (11)

56 (10)

1.24 (0.75–2.03)

1.34 (0.80–2.23)

 

 Current smoker

33 (11)

43 (8)

1.49 (0.90–2.48)

1.63 (0.97–2.76)

 

Average intensity

 Never used

232 (78)

471 (83)

Referent

Referent

0.01

 ⩽ median (11 cigarettes per day)d

22 (7)

49 (9)

0.89 (0.51–1.56)

0.98 (0.55–1.75)

 

 > median

45 (15)

50 (9)

1.84 (1.13–2.99)

1.98 (1.20–3.25)

 

Duration

 Never used

232 (78)

471 (83)

Referent

Referent

0.04

 ⩽ median (21 years)d

30 (10)

50 (9)

1.18 (0.72–1.94)

1.27 (0.76–2.11)

 

 > median

37 (12)

49 (9)

1.58 (0.95–2.62)

1.73 (1.03–2.93)

 

Cumulative use e

Never used

232 (78)

471 (83)

Referent

Referent

0.05

 ⩽ median (13.5 pack-years)d

31 (10)

50 (9)

1.22 (0.74–2.01)

1.36 (0.81–2.27)

 

 > median

36 (12)

49 (9)

1.52 (0.91–2.53)

1.61 (0.95–2.74)

 

Age started

 Never used

232 (78)

471 (83)

Referent

Referent

0.02

 > median

23 (8)

46 (8)

0.98 (0.57–1.68)

1.07 (0.62–1.86)

 

 ⩽ median (25 years)d

44 (15)

53 (9)

1.75 (1.08–2.84)

1.90 (1.15–3.11)

 

Hookah smoking

 Never

280 (93)

548 (96)

Referent

Referent

—

 Ever

20 (7)

23 (4)

1.81 (0.95–3.43)

1.85 (0.95–3.58)

 

Average intensity

 Never used

280 (93)

548 (96)

Referent

Referent

0.03

 ⩽ median (3 times per day)d

11 (4)

18 (3)

1.29 (0.59–2.84)

1.31 (0.58–2.96)

 

 > median

9 (3)

5 (1)

3.51 (1.17–10.5)

3.57 (1.17–11.0)

 

Duration

 Never used

280 (93)

548 (96)

Referent

Referent

0.21

 ⩽ median (19 years)d

15 (5)

12 (2)

2.52 (1.14–5.55)

2.45 (1.09–5.49)

 

 > median

5 (2)

11 (2)

1.00 (0.34–2.90)

1.11 (0.38–3.30)

 

Cumulative use e

 Never used

280 (93)

548 (96)

Referent

Referent

0.11

 ⩽ median (32 hookah-years)d

12 (4)

12 (2)

2.07 (0.87–4.88)

2.04 (0.84–4.99)

 

 > median

8 (3)

11 (2)

1.55 (0.62–3.87)

1.66 (0.65–4.22)

 

Age started

 Never used

280 (93)

548 (96)

Referent

Referent

0.05

 > median

7 (2)

11 (2)

1.55 (0.62–3.87)

1.38 (0.51–3.69)

 

 ⩽ median (40 years)d

13 (4)

12 (2)

2.22 (0.99–5.00)

2.31 (0.98–5.48)

 

Nass chewing

 Never

256 (85)

523 (92)

Referent

Referent

—

 Ever

44 (15)

48 (8)

2.09 (1.28–3.42)

1.99 (1.21–3.28)

 

Average intensity

 Never used

256 (85)

523 (92)

Referent

Referent

0.004

 ⩽ median (5.5 times per day)d

17 (6)

24 (4)

1.59 (0.78–3.25)

1.50 (0.73–3.09)

 

 > median

27 (9)

24 (4)

2.52 (1.38–4.61)

2.42 (1.31–4.47)

 

Duration

 Never used

256 (85)

523 (92)

Referent

Referent

0.02

 ⩽ median (26.5 years)d

26 (9)

24 (4)

2.44 (1.32–4.49)

2.24 (1.21–4.16)

 

 > median

18 (6)

24 (4)

1.69 (0.83–3.41)

1.69 (0.83–3.44)

 

Cumulative use e

 Never used

256 (85)

523 (92)

Referent

Referent

0.007

 ⩽ median (150 nass-years)d

22 (7)

25 (4)

2.19 (1.08–3.73)

1.81 (0.97–3.40)

 

 > median

22 (7)

23 (4)

2.20 (1.15–4.21)

2.21 (1.15–4.27)

 

Age started

 Never used

256 (85)

523 (92)

Referent

Referent

0.01

 > median

25 (8)

27 (5)

2.07 (1.06–4.04)

1.91 (0.98–3.75)

 

 ⩽ median (40 years)d

19 (6)

21 (4)

2.11 (1.13–3.94)

2.06 (1.09–3.89)

 
  1. 95% CI=95% confidence interval; ESCC=oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; OR=odds ratio. ORs were obtained from conditional logistic regression models.
  2. bAdjusted for education and ethnicity.
  3. aP for trend was obtained from conditional logistic regression models by assigning values of 0, 1, and 2 to no use, below median, and above median use, respectively.
  4. cCigarette smoking status was unknown for one case and one control. Therefore, the total number of subjects in the cigarette smoking analysis is 299 cases and 570 controls.
  5. dWe used the median in control subjects as the dividing cut point.
  6. eCumulative use was calculated by multiplying intensity of use (per day) by duration of use (in years).
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