Table 1 Nuclear β-catenin-binding partners
Protein | Interaction and biological significance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
14-3-3-z | Binds β-catenin and stabilises it, Akt dependent | Tian et al (2004) |
Akt | Phosphorylates β-catenin at S552 and increases cytoplasmic pool, increases binding to 14-3-3, increases transcriptional activity | Fang et al (2007) |
AR (androgen receptor) | Binds β-catenin, augments AR activity, inhibits TCF-dependent transcription | Yang et al (2002) |
AP1 and Smad3/4 | Complex with β-catenin and TCF/Lef1 to activate gastrin target gene | |
BCL9 (Legless) | Binds β-catenin and TCF/LEF1, increases transcription, Pygopus dependent | Kramps et al (2002) |
B9L/BCL9-2 (BCL9-like protein) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription, induces EMT | Adachi et al (2004); Brembeck et al (2004) |
Brg-1 (chromatin remodelling factor) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Barker et al (2001) |
c-Jun (phosphorylated) | Binds β-catenin and TCF/LEF1 in a JNK- and β-catenin-dependent manner, knockout decreases tumour multiplcity in Apcmin animals | |
c-Fos | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | |
CARM1 (coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Koh et al (2002) |
CBP (CREB-binding protein) | Binds β-catenin | Takemaru and Moon (2000) |
cdx1 and cdx2 (homeodomain transcription factors) | Decreases β-catenin Tyr phosphorylation, decreases transcription, induces E-cadherin adhesion | Guo et al (2004); Ezaki et al (2007) |
Chibby (nuclear protein) | Binds β-catenin, inhibits transcription | Takemaru et al (2003) |
CREB (cyclic AMP response element binding protein) | Binds β-catenin, induces expression of WISP-1 (Wnt-1-induced secreted protein 1) | Xu et al (2000) |
cul4B (Cullin4B/E3-ubiquitin ligase) | Binds β-catenin and induces its proteolytic degradation | Tripathi et al (2007) |
Duplin (axis duplication inhibitor) | Binds β-catenin in nucleus and inhibits transcription | Sakamoto et al (2000) |
EBP50 (PDZ-containing protein) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Shibata et al (2003) |
emerin (type II inner nuclear membrane protein) | Binds β-catenin resulting in its cytoplasmic retention and decreased transcriptional activity | Markiewicz et al (2006) |
ERα (estrogen receptor) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Kouzmenko et al (2004) |
ezh2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2, polycomb group protein) | Binds β-catenin and ERα | Shi et al (2007) |
FHL2 (four and a half of LIM-only protein 2, LIM coactivator) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Wei et al (2003); Martin et al (2002) |
FOXO (insulin- and oxidative stress signaling-induced transcription factor) | Binds β-catenin resulting in increased FOXO target gene transcription | |
FUS (fusion/translocated in liposarcoma, TLS) | Binds and increases β-catenin, regulates pre-mRNA splicing | Sato et al (2005) |
GRIP1 (p160 coactivator of AR) | Binds β-catenin, augments AR activity | Li et al (2004) |
Groucho/TLE (transcriptional repressor) | Binds β-catenin and is subsequently displaced from TCF/LEF1 | Daniels and Weis (2005) |
HIF1α (hypoxia inducible factor) | Binds β-catenin, competes with TCF/LEF1, induces survival and cellular adaptation to hypoxia | |
hARD1 (human arrest defective 1, acetyltransferase) | Binds and acetylates β-catenin, increases transcription | Lim et al (2006) |
I-mfa (inhibitor of MyoD Family a) | Binds β-catenin, relieving I-mfa-mediated gene repression | Pan et al (2005) |
ICAT (inhibitor of β-catenin and TCF-4) | Binds β-catenin, represses transcription | Tago et al (2000) |
IKKα (IκB kinase α) | Binds β-catenin, inhibits its ubiquitination, increases transcription | Lamberti et al (2001) |
IKKβ (IκB kinase β) | Binds β-catenin, inhibits transcription | Lamberti et al (2001) |
LRH-1 (orphan nuclear receptor) | Binds β-catenin, induces proliferation | Botrugno et al (2004) |
LZTS2 (leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2) | Binds β-catenin, inhibits transcription | Thyssen et al (2006) |
Mediator (MED12 subunit) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | |
Mitf (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) | Binds β-catenin and competes with TCF/LEF1 to activate mitf target genes, important for melanocyte development | Schepsky et al (2006) |
NFκB, p50 subunit | Binds β-catenin, decreases NFκB DNA binding, transactivation activity, regulates TNFα-induced CRP (C-reactive protein, acute-phase response protein) expression | Deng et al (2002); Sun et al (2005); Choi et al (2007) |
Nurr1 (orphan nuclear receptor) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Kitagawa et al (2007) |
oct3/4 | Binds β-catenin in ES cells, upregulates Nanog | Takao et al (2007) |
p68 (DEAD box family of RNA helicases) | Binds β-catenin upon PDGF-induced Tyr phosphorylation of p68, increases transcription and EMT | |
p300 | Binds and acetylates β-catenin, increases transcription | Sun et al (2000); Hecht et al (2000) |
Parafibromin (component of polymerase-associated factor 1 (PAF1) complex) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription, Pogypus dependent | Mosimann et al (2006) |
Pin1 (prolyl isomerase) | Binds β-catenin, displaces it from APC, stabilises it and induces transcription, overexpressed in human tumours | Ryo et al (2001) |
Pitx2 (bicoid-related transcription factor) | Induced by Wnt/Dvl/β-catenin, increases transcription | Kioussi et al (2002) |
Pontin52 (nuclear protein) | Binds β-catenin | Bauer et al (1998) |
PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) | Binds β-catenin, decreases membrane bound and cytoplasmic fraction | Sharma et al (2004); Liu et al (2004) |
PRA1 (Prenylated Rab acceptor 1) | Binds β-catenin, inhibits transcription | |
prop1 (Prophet of Pit1, homeodomain factor) | Binds β-catenin, activates expression of lineage-determining transcription factor Pit1, represses the lineage-inhibiting transcription factor Hesx1 via TLE/Reptin/HDAC1 corepressor complexes | Olson et al (2006) |
Pygopus | Complexes with β-catenin and TCF/LEF1 in a Legless-dependent manner | Kramps et al (2002); Thompson et al (2002) |
RanBP3 (Ran binding protein 3) | Cofactor of chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-mediated nuclear export binds β-catenin in a RanGTP-stimulated manner, inhibits transcriptional activity | Hendriksen et al (2005) |
RAR (retinoid acid receptor) | Binds β-catenin in retinoid-dependent manner, competes for binding with TCF/LEF1 | Easwaran et al (1999) |
Reptin52 (homologue of pontin52) | Binds β-catenin and Pontin52, inhibits transcription | Bauer et al (2000) |
RXRα (retinoid X receptor) | Binds β-catenin, targets it for proteolytic degradation | Xiao et al (2003) |
SHP-1 (protein-tyrosine phosphatase) | Binds β-catenin and inhibits transcription in intestinal epithelial cells | Duchesne et al (2003) |
Smad1 | Complexes with β-catenin and TCF/LEF1 resulting in increased myc expression | |
Smad3 | Binds β-catenin and TCF/LEF1 | Labbe et al (2000); Jian et al (2006) |
Smad4 | Interacts with TCF/LEF1 (strong) and β-catenin (weak), coregulates TGFβ/Wnt common target genes | |
Smad7 | Binds β-catenin, important for TGFβ-induced apoptosis and targets β-catenin for proteolytic degradation | |
Sox4 | Binds and stabilises β-catenin and TCF/LEF1 | Sinner et al (2007) |
Sox9 | Binds β-catenin and targets it for degradation | Akiyama et al (2004) |
Sox17 | Binds β-catenin and TCF/LEF1, targets its for proteolytic degradation | Sinner et al (2007) |
TAK1 (MAPKKK) and NLK (Nemo-like kinase) | Interact with and phosphorylate TCF/LEF1 and β-catenin, inhibit DNA binding capacity and transcription | Ishitani et al (1999) |
Teashirt (zinc finger protein) | Binds to armidillo (Drosophila homologue of β-catenin), activated by Wingless | Gallet et al (1998) |
TCFs | Bind β-catenin | Molenaar et al (1996) |
TIF2/GRIP1 (transcriptional intermediary factor-2/glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein-1) | Binds β-catenin and increases binding affinity to AR | Song and Gelmann (2005) |
TOPO IIα (DNA topoisomerase IIα) | Binds β-catenin, increases transcription | Sato et al (2005); Huang et al (2007) |
VDR (vitamin D receptor) | Binds β-catenin in a vitamin D-dependent manner, competes for binding with TCF/LEF1 | Pálmer et al (2001) |
XSox17α/β and Xsox3 | Bind β-catenin and inhibit transcription | Zorn et al (1999) |
