Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in systematic review of dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and risk of breast cancer
Adjusted confounders | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors (date), location | Study | Study design (mean follow-up) | Cases | Controls/cohort size | Diet assessment | Quality scale score | Median GI (IQ range) | Median GL (IQ range) | Age | BMI | Energy | Hormon. | Reprod. | Menstr. | Smoking | PA | Education | Alcohol | Family | BBD |
Lajous et al (2008), France | E3N Study | Prospective cohort (9 years)a | 1812 | 62 739 | Self-reported 208-item FFQ | 9/9 | 55 (44–66) | 123 (84–165) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Sieri et al (2007), Italy | ORDET Study | Prospective cohort (11.5 years) | 289 | 8959 | Self-reported 107-item FFQ | 8/9 | 56 (52–59) | 113 (97–151) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
McCann et al (2007), USA | WEB Study | Population-based case–control | 1166 | 2105 | Interviewed FFQ | 7/9 | 77 (70–83)b | 147 (104–186)b | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Giles et al (2006), Australia | Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | Prospective cohort (9.1 years) | 324 | 12 273 | Self-reported 121-item FFQ | 9/9 | 49 (46–53) | 108 (77–150) | ✓ | # | ✓ | ✓ | # | # | # | # | # | # | ||
Nielsen et al (2005), Denmark | Diet, Cancer & Health Cohort | Prospective cohort (6.6 years) | 634 | 23 870 | Self-reported 192-item FFQ | 9/9 | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Silvera et al (2005), Canada | National Breast Screening Study | Prospective cohort (16.6 years) | 2518 | 49 111 | Self-reported 86-item FFQ | 9/9 | 77 (60–96) | 104 (83–123) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Lajous et al (2005), Mexico | Population-based case–control | 475 | 1391 | Interviewed FFQ | 7/9 | 62 (—) | 152 (44–214) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Women's Health Study | Prospective cohort (6.8 years) | 946 | 38 446 | Self-reported 131-item FFQ | 9/9 | 53 (50–55) | 117 (92–143) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Holmes et al (2004), USA | Nurses’ Health Study | Prospective cohort (18 years) | 4092 | 88 678 | Multiple self-reported 61+ item FFQs | 8/9 | 75 (69–81) | 105 (81–130) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Frazier et al (2004), USA | Nurses’ Health Study II | Retrospective cohort | 361 | 47 355 | Self-reported 131-item FFQ | 8/9 | 79 (74–84) | 170 (141–202) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Cho et al (2003), USA | Nurses’ Health Study II | Prospective cohort (8 years)a | 714 | 90 655 | Self-reported 133-item FFQ 142-item FFQ | 8/9 | 77 (70–82) | 120 (97–148) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Jonas et al (2003), USA | CPS II Nutrition Cohort | Prospective cohort (5 years) | 1442 | 63 307 | Self-reported 68-item FFQ | 8/9 | 74 (65–85) | 81 (58–103) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Levi et al (2002), Switzerland | Hospital-based case–control | 331 | 534 | Interviewed 79-item FFQ | 6/9 | 92 (73–112) | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Augustin et al (2001), Italy | Hospital-based case–control | 2569 | 2588 | Interviewed 78-item FFQ | 6/9 | 74 (70–79) | 132 (98–174) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
