Table 1 Pre-malignant lesions and risk of their transformation into corresponding malignancies (compiled from Peckham et al (1995), except where indicated)
Organ | Lesion | Cancer | Overall lifetime risk of transformation |
|---|---|---|---|
Skin | Actinic keratoses | SCC | 10% |
| Â | Bowen's disease | SCC | Considered to be superficial SCC, 100 % risk of progression |
| Â | Dysplastic nodule | Malignant melanoma | Lifetime risk 100% |
Larynx | Leukoplakia | SCC | 5–10% |
Bronchus | Bronchial dysplasia | SCC | 10–40% (Merrick et al, 2005) |
Oral cavity | Leukoplakia | SCC | 5–10% |
Oesophagus | Barrett's dysplasia | Adenocarcinoma | 10% |
| Â | Epithelial dysplasia | SCC | 90% of patients with tylosis (genetic disorder characterised by hyperkeratosis of palms and soles) progress to SCC |
Stomach | Chronic gastritis | Adenocarcinoma | 2–4% |
Colon | Adenoma | Adenocarcinoma | 10–15% |
Anal canal | Anal intraepithelial neoplasia | SCC | 5% (Mullerat et al, 2003) |
Liver | Dysplastic nodule | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Unknown |
Vulva | Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia | SCC | 5% of treated women progress to cancer, 90% untreated women progress (Raspollini et al, 2007) |
Cervix | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia | SCC | 30–50% (Tjalma et al, 1999) |
Prostate | Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia | Adenocarcinoma | High-grade PIN is a marker for a high risk of concomitant or later (33–100%) carcinoma (Sinha et al, 2004) |
Breast | Usual hyperplasia | Adenocarcinoma | Relative risk increased 1.5- to 2-fold (Arpino et al, 2005) |
| Â | Atypical hyperplasia | Adenocarcinoma | Relative risk increased four-fold (Arpino et al, 2005) |
| Â | Ductal carcinoma in situ | Adenocarcinoma | Relative risk increased 8- to 10-fold (Arpino et al, 2005) |
