Table 3 PET changes in nodal stage by T stage and impact of changes on management

From: The impact of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on the staging, management and outcome of anal cancer

CIm nodal stage

PET nodal stage

Impact

RT field changes due to PET

Primary tumour stage

T1

N0

N3 (ili)

None

Radiation fields planned as for stage 1 disease. (i.e. 2 phase posterior pelvis with no prophylactic inguinal node RT)

N0

N2 (R ili)

None

 

N3 (bil ili)

N0

Medium

Phase 3 boost to primary only

T2

N0

N2 (ili)

None

Phase 1 and 2 fields upper border not changed. Phase 3 boost to primary only

N3 (ing+ili)

N3M1 (PAN)

None

Patient treated with radical intent (PAN not treated). Subsequently progressed in PAN

N1

N0

None

Peri-rectal nodes remote from primary. No phase 3 boost field size reduction from phase 2

N0

N1

Low

Proximity of peri-rectal nodes to primary meant included in phase 3 boost to primary without requiring change in field size

N1

N0

Low

 

N2 (R ing)

N3 (ing+p-r)

Low

 

N3 (ing+p-r)

N2 (R ing)

Low

 

N0

N3 (R ili+p-r)

Medium

Superior border increased phase 1 and 2 fields. R ili node covered in phase 3 boost

N2 (R ing)

N0

Medium

No phase 1 field change or phase 2/3 electron boost to R groin

N3 (bil ing)

N2 (R ing)

Medium

No phase 1 field change or phase 2/3 electron boost to L groin

T3/4

N0a

N2 (L ili)

Medium

Superior border phase 1 and 2 fields increased to cover iliac nodes. L ili covered in phase 3 boost

N3 (bil ing)

N2 (R ing)

Medium

No phase 1 field change or phase 2/3 electron boost to L groin

N0

N2 (L ing)

Medium

Phase 1 field change and phase 2/3 electron boost L groin

N3 (L ing p-r)

N3 (bil ing/ili)

Medium

Phase 1 and 2 field changes. Phase 2/3 electron boost to bilateral groins

N3M1 (ing +PAN)

N1M0

High

Intent changed from palliative to radical

N3M0 (p-r,ing +ili)

N3M1 (PAN)

High

Intent and dose changed from radical to palliative

  1. Abbreviations: bil, bilateral; CIm=conventional imaging; Ili, iliac; ing, inguinal; L=left; PET=positron emission tomography; p-r, peri-rectal; PAN, para-aortic nodes; R=right; RT=Radiotherapy; TNM=Tumour, Nodes, Metastases.
  2. aChanges to radiotherapy fields and PET scan for this patient are shown in Figures 1 and 2.