Table 3 Association of domestic fumes intake with NPC risk in men and women

From: Cannabis, tobacco and domestic fumes intake are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in North Africa

 

Childhood

Adulthood

Exposure levels

Control (%)

Case (%)

OR (95%CI)

Control (%)

Case (%)

OR (95%CI)

Kanoun

 Never (ref.)

203 (33)

140 (22)

1

365 (65)

319 (56)

1

 Ever

408 (67)

485 (78)

1.86 (1.28–2.72)

197 (35)

251 (44)

1.41 (0.98–2.04)

Tabouna

 Never (ref.)

273 (46)

263 (43)

1

362 (66)

370 (65)

1

 Ever

318 (54)

355 (57)

1.12 (0.81–1.54)

188 (34)

199 (35)

1.01 (0.72–1.43)

Wood fire cooking

 Never (ref.)

257 (43)

217 (37)

1

455 (83)

423 (80)

1

 Ever

335 (57)

368 (63)

1.38 (0.95–2.00)

93 (17)

108 (20)

1.23 (0.82–1.85)

Wood fire heating

 Never (ref.)

272 (46)

251 (44)

1

450 (82)

412 (78)

1

 Ever

321 (54)

324 (56)

1.01 (0.71–1.42)

98 (18)

113 (22)

1.17 (0.79–1.72)

Kitchen ventilation a

 Ventilated (ref.)

495 (81)

469 (75)

1

492 (88)

507 (90)

1

 Not ventilated

113 (19)

154 (25)

1.29 (0.93–1.80)

65 (12)

58 (10)

0.78 (0.51–1.20)

  1. Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; NPC=nasopharyngeal carcinoma; OR=odds ratio.
  2. Note: Analyses were stratified by sex and centre, adjusted for age, SES measures, and associated dietary factors. Significant test results are shown in bold fonts.
  3. a‘Ventilated’ means chimney or windows present in kitchen, or cooking in open air; ‘Not ventilated’ means chimney or windows absent in kitchen, or cooking in the main living room.
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