Table 2 Awareness of warning signs by ethnic group
From: Awareness of cancer symptoms and anticipated help seeking among ethnic minority groups in England
| Â | All groups ( n =1500) | Indian ( n =467) | Pakistani ( n =333) | Bangladeshi ( n =126) | Caribbean ( n =252) | African ( n =216) | Chinese ( n =106) | Between group difference ( P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recall of warning signs (%) | ||||||||
 Unexplained lump or swelling | 50.4 | 49.7 | 51.4 | 45.2 | 51.2 | 53.2 | 49.1 | NS |
 Unexplained pain | 20.1 | 18.8 | 15.3 | 20.6 | 34.1 | 15.7 | 15.1 | <0.0001 |
 Unexplained weight loss | 16.1 | 9.4 | 14.7 | 11.1 | 30.6 | 15.7 | 21.7 | <0.0001 |
 Unexplained bleeding | 14.5 | 10.9 | 20.4 | 9.5 | 24.2 | 3.2 | 17.0 | <0.0001 |
 Cough/hoarseness | 6.8 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 15.1 | 0.001 |
 Change in a mole | 6.3 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 6.3 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 0.001 |
 Change in bowel/bladder habits | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 3.8 |  a |
 Sore that does not heal | 1.1 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 |  a |
 Difficulty swallowing | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 |  a |
 Total (mean number recalled) | 1.18 | 1.06 | 1.27 | 1.00 | 1.51 | 0.98 | 1.25 | <0.0001 |
Recognition of warning signs (%) | ||||||||
 Unexplained lump or swelling | 72.2 | 70.2 | 72.4 | 61.1 | 81.0 | 73.6 | 69.8 | 0.002 |
 Unexplained pain | 72.1 | 69.6 | 68.2 | 75.4 | 84.9 | 63.0 | 79.2 | <0.0001 |
 Unexplained bleeding | 59.9 | 56.5 | 58.6 | 65.1 | 73.0 | 45.4 | 70.8 | <0.0001 |
 Unexplained weight loss | 57.9 | 52.9 | 50.8 | 61.9 | 71.8 | 56.9 | 67.0 | <0.0001 |
 Change in bowel/bladder habits | 51.2 | 43.7 | 39.9 | 64.3 | 73.0 | 51.4 | 51.9 | <0.0001 |
 Change in a mole | 46.1 | 48.4 | 46.5 | 58.7 | 48.8 | 29.2 | 47.2 | <0.0001 |
 Cough/hoarseness | 42.3 | 42.8 | 39.0 | 45.2 | 41.3 | 38.9 | 55.7 | NS |
 Difficulty swallowing | 37.1 | 35.8 | 28.8 | 46.8 | 44.4 | 31.5 | 50.9 | <0.0001 |
 Sore that does not heal | 34.9 | 29.1 | 42.9 | 42.9 | 27.0 | 38.9 | 35.8 | <0.0001 |
 Total (mean number recognised) | 4.74 | 4.49 | 4.47 | 5.21 | 5.45 | 4.29 | 5.28 | <0.0001 |
