Table 3 Total costs of screening (ages 55–70 with a 4-year interval) and treatment of a cohort of 100 000 men of all ages in the period 2008–2033 in kEuro (2008)

From: Overdetection, overtreatment and costs in prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer

  

Screening

 

No screening

Total

Clinical a

Relevant a

Overdetected a

PSA tests

0

3045

574 (19%)

1032 (34%)

1439 (47%)

Biopsies

1129

3391

639 (19%)

1149 (34%)

1602 (47%)

Active surveillance

784

2342

475 (20%)

694 (30%)

1173 (50%)

Radical prostatectomy

8704

18 947

4976 (26%)

6066 (32%)

7906 (42%)

Radiation therapy

10 293

25 942

5987 (23%)

8405 (32%)

11 550 (45%)

Palliative therapy

6417

3751

3227 (86%)

524 (14%)

0 (0%)

Palliative therapy after primary treatment

2957

3277

1634 (50%)

1643 (50%)

0 (0%)

Total costs

30 284

60 695

17 512 (29%)

19 513 (32%)

23 669 (39%)

  1. Abbreviation: PSA=prostate-specific antigen.
  2. aCancers detected in the situation with screening are divided in clinically detected cancers (interval cancers), relevant cancers (screen-detected cancers that would have given rise to clinical symptoms later in life) and overdetected cancers (screen-detected cancers that would never given rise to clinical symptoms and would not lead to death caused by prostate cancer).