Table 2 Family history of cancer and risk of renal cell carcinoma, stratified by race

From: Family history of cancer and renal cell cancer risk in Caucasians and African Americans

 

All participants a

Caucasian participants b

African-American participants b

 
 

Cases

Controls

  

Cases

Controls

  

Cases

Controls

   
 

N

%c

N

%c

OR

95% CI

N

%c

N

%c

OR

95% CI

N

%c

N

%c

OR

95% CI

P -value d

Family history of kidney cancer

 At least one first-degree relative with kidney cancer

No

517

90.8

566

95.6

1.00

 

334

90.8

278

94.6

1.00

 

183

90.8

288

97.6

1.00

  

Yes

52

9.2

24

4.4

2.29

(1.31–4.00)

33

9.2

15

5.4

1.98

(0.99–4.03)

19

9.2

9

2.4

3.96

(1.45–10.84)

0.34

 At least one parent with kidney cancer

No

517

94.2

566

95.9

1.00

 

334

94.6

278

95.0

1.00

 

183

93.4

288

97.9

1.00

  

Yes

33

5.8

22

4.1

1.45

(0.77–2.72)

19

5.4

14

5.0

1.13

(0.50–2.58)

14

6.6

8

2.1

2.98

(1.06–8.37)

0.19

 At least one sibling with kidney cancer

No

517

94.3

566

98.1

1.00

 

334

94.0

278

98.1

1.00

 

183

95.0

288

98.2

1.00

  

Yes

29

5.7

10

1.9

3.09

(1.33–7.20)

20

6.0

5

1.9

3.54

(1.18–10.62)

9

5.0

5

1.8

2.42

(0.61–9.60)

0.63

Family history of non-renal cancers

 At least one first-degree relative with cancer

No

517

43.9

566

43.1

1.00

 

334

40.2

278

38.9

1.00

 

183

54.6

288

55.0

1.00

  

Yes

636

56.1

633

56.9

0.97

(0.79–1.19)

484

59.8

413

61.1

0.95

(0.75–1.21)

152

45.4

220

45.0

1.03

(0.76–1.41)

0.57

 At least one parent with cancer

No

517

51.1

566

50.0

1.00

 

334

46.7

278

45.2

1.00

 

183

63.9

288

63.2

1.00

  

Yes

479

48.9

478

50.0

0.93

(0.75–1.15)

376

53.3

322

54.8

0.92

(0.71–1.18)

103

36.1

156

36.8

0.95

(0.68–1.32)

0.88

 At least one sibling with cancer

No

517

64.7

566

64.1

1.00

 

334

62.0

278

60.3

1.00

 

183

71.3

288

73.4

1.00

  

Yes

269

35.3

265

35.9

0.98

(0.74–1.30)

195

38.0

166

39.7

0.93

(0.68–1.28)

74

28.7

99

26.6

1.16

(0.75–1.79)

0.36

 At least one offspring with cancer

No

517

94.6

566

93.7

1.00

 

334

92.7

278

91.8

1.00

 

183

99.0

288

97.7

1.00

  

Yes

26

5.4

31

6.3

0.83

(0.47–1.48)

24

7.3

25

8.2

0.88

(0.48–1.62)

2

1.0

6

2.3

0.46

(0.04–5.77)

0.52

  1. Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; OR=odds ratio.
  2. aAdjusted for age at reference date, sex, study center, smoking status, history of hypertension, body mass index, education, family size, and race.
  3. bAdjusted for age at reference date, sex, study center, smoking status, history of hypertension, body mass index, education, and family size.
  4. cA sample-weighted frequency distribution.
  5. dInteraction P-value using a t-test.
  6. The ‘No’ variable for all exposure–response groups represents participants with no familial history of cancer (or kidney cancer) among first-degree relatives.
  7. Analysis for at least one offspring with kidney cancer was not calculated due to small numbers (four cases, one control).
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