Table 5 Association between gastric cancer and the main food items/groups contributing to the dietary salt intake and the preference for salty/salted foods according to tumour site

From: Salt intake and gastric cancer risk according to Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, tumour site and histological type

  

Cases ( n =379)

 

Controls ( n =649)

Non-cardia ( n =328)

OR (95% CI)

Cardia ( n =51)

OR (95% CI)

Non-cardia vs cardia OR (95% CI)

 

n (%)

n (%)

Crude

Adjusted a

n (%)

Crude

Adjusted a

Crude

Adjusted a

Sodium intake from food frequency questionnaire (mg day–1)b

 <3067.5

214 (33.0)

100 (30.5)

1

1

14 (27.5)

1

1

1

1

 3067.5–3960.1

215 (33.1)

115 (35.1)

1.14 (0.82–1.59)

1.51 (0.99–2.30)c

20 (39.2)

1.42 (0.70–2.89)

1.51 (0.68–3.35)c

0.80 (0.39–1.68)

0.94 (0.43–2.06)c

 >3960.1

220 (33.9)

113 (34.4)

1.10 (0.79–1.53)

2.26 (1.27–4.04)c

17 (33.3)

1.18 (0.56–2.46)

1.50 (0.50–4.52)c

0.93 (0.44–1.98)

1.46 (0.50–4.33)c

Food items with the highest contribution to sodium intake (servings per day) b

 <6.3

214 (33.0)

69 (21.0)

1

1

12 (23.5)

1

1

1

1

 6.3–8.1

215 (33.1)

104 (31.7)

1.50 (1.05–2.15)

1.32 (0.85–2.04)c

18 (35.3)

1.49 (0.70–3.18)

1.05 (0.46–2.37)c

1.00 (0.46–2.22)

1.18 (0.52–2.66)c

 >8.1

220 (33.9)

155 (47.3)

2.18 (1.55–3.07)

3.00 (1.79–5.05)c

21 (41.2)

1.70 (0.82–3.54)

1.34 (0.50–3.57)c

1.28 (0.60–2.76)

2.08 (0.80–5.44)c

Salt consumption by visual analogical scale (mm) b

 <35

216 (33.2)

86 (26.2)

1

1

10 (19.6)

1

1

1

1

 35–48

210 (32.4)

61 (18.6)

0.73 (0.50–1.06)

0.75 (0.48–1.16)

11 (21.6)

1.13 (0.47–2.72)

1.17 (0.47–2.93)

0.64 (0.26–1.61)

0.63 (0.25–1.61)

 >48

223 (34.4)

181 (55.2)

2.04 (1.48–2.80)

1.81 (1.24–2.66)

30 (58.8)

2.90 (1.39–6.09)

2.63 (1.20–5.75)

0.70 (0.33–1.50)

0.67 (0.31–1.48)

Use of table salt

 Never

580 (89.4)

283 (86.3)

1

1

48 (94.1)

1

1

1

1

 Sometimes/most times/always

69 (10.6)

45 (13.7)

1.34 (0.89–2.00)

1.46 (0.90–2.37)

3 (5.9)

0.52 (0.16–1.73)

0.55 (0.16–1.90)

2.54 (0.76–8.52)

2.66 (0.78–9.01)

Duration of refrigerator ownership (years)

 <25d

15 (2.3)

58 (17.7)

1

1

8 (15.7)

1

1

1

1

 25–50

244 (37.6)

155 (47.3)

0.16 (0.09–0.30)

0.16 (0.08–0.33)

27 (52.9)

0.21 (0.08–0.53)

0.19 (0.07–0.53)

0.79 (0.34–1.84)

0.88 (0.37–2.11)

 >50 (including all their lives)

390 (60.1)

115 (35.1)

0.08 (0.04–0.14)

0.27 (0.13–0.54)

16 (31.4)

0.08 (0.03–0.21)

0.28 (0.09–0.84)

0.99 (0.40–2.45)

0.97 (0.35–2.69)

  1. Abbreviations: OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
  2. aAdjusted for gender, age, education, smoking and H. pylori infection.
  3. bTertiles observed in controls used as cutoffs.
  4. cAdditionally adjusted for total energy intake.
  5. dIncluding four cases who do not currently have refrigerator.
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