Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

British Journal of Cancer
  • View all journals
  • Search
  • My Account Login
  • Content Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed
  1. nature
  2. british journal of cancer
  3. review
  4. article
Tumour markers of prognosis in colorectal cancer
Download PDF
Download PDF
  • Review
  • Open access
  • Published: 18 December 1998

Tumour markers of prognosis in colorectal cancer

  • H L McLeod1 &
  • G I Murray2 

British Journal of Cancer volume 79, pages 191–203 (1999)Cite this article

  • 2760 Accesses

  • 189 Citations

  • 3 Altmetric

  • Metrics details

This article has been updated

Article PDF

Change history

  • 16 November 2011

    This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication

References

  • Amaya, H., Tanigawa, N., Lu, C., Matsumura, M., Shimomatsuya, T., Horiuchi, T. & Muroaka, R. (1997). Association of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with tumor angiogenesis, survival and thymidine phosphorylase/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor expression in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 119: 227–235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambiru, S., Miyazaki, M., Ito, H., Nakagawa, K., Shimizu, H., Nukui, Y., Nozawa, S., Okuno, A., Yoshitomi, H. & Nakajima, N. (1997). A prospective study of prognostic value of type IV collagenase in colorectal cancer tissue. Dig Dis Sci 42: 1660–1665.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, S. N., Lovig, T., Breivik, J., Lund, E., Guadernack, G., Meling, G. I. & Rognum, T. O. (1996). K-ras mutations and prognosis in large-bowel carcinomas. Scand J Gastroenterol 32: 62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apolinario, R. M., van der Valk, P., de Jong, J. S., Deveille, W., Van Arkotte, J., Dingemans, A-MC, Van Mourik, J. C., Postmus, P. E., Pinedo, H. M. & Giaccone, G. (1997). Prognostic value of the expression of p53, bcl-2, and bax oncoproteins, and neovascularization in patients with radically resected non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 15: 2456–2466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, R., Capellà, G., Tórtola, S., Masramon, L., Grizzle, W. E., Perucho, M. & Peinado, M. A. (1997). Assessment of genomic damage in colorectal cancer by DNA fingerprinting: prognostic applications. J Clin Oncol 15: 3230–3240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Astler, V. B. & Coller, F. A. (1954). The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 192: 846–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augenlicht, L. H., Wadler, S., Corner, G., Richards, C., Ryan, L., Multani, A. S., Pathak, S., Benson, A., Haller, D. & Heerdt, B. G. (1997). Low-level c-myc amplifications in human colonic carcinoma cell lines and tumours: a frequent, p53-independent mutation associated with improved outcome in a randomized multi-institutional trial. Cancer Res 57: 1769–1775.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baas, I. O., Mulder, J. R., Offerhaus, G. J. A., Vogelstein, B. & Hamilton, S. R. (1994). An evaluation of six antibodies for immunohistochemistry of mutant p53 gene product in archival colorectal neoplasms. J Pathol 172: 5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baretton, G. B., Vogt, M., Muller, C., Diebold, J., Schneiderbanger, K., Schmidt, M. & Lohrs, U. (1996a). Prognostic significance of p53 expression, chromosome 17 copy number, and DNA ploidy in non-metastasized colorectal carcinomas (stages IB and II). Scand J Gastroenterol 31: 481–489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baretton, G. B., Diebold, J., Christoforis, G., Vogt, M., Müller, C., Dopfer, K., Schneiderbanger, K., Schmidt, M. & Löhrs, U. (1996b). Apoptosis and immunohistochemical bcl-2 expression in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Aspects of carcinogenesis and prognostic significance. Cancer 77: 255–264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartik, Z., Nordenskiöld, B. O. & Sun, Z-F (1997). p53 overexpression as a prognostic factor in patients with Dukes’ B colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 11: 1019–1023.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S. M., Scott, N., Cross, D., Sagar, P., Lewis, F. A., Blair, G. E., Taylor, G. R., Dixon, M. F. & Quirke, P. (1993). Prognostic value of p53 overexpression and c-Ki-ras gene mutations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 104: 57–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belluco, C., Guillem, J. G., Kemeny, N., Huang, Y., Klimstra, D., Berger, M. F. & Cohen, A. M. (1996). p53 Nuclear protein overexpression in colorectal cancer: a dominant predictor of survival in patients with advanced hepatic metastases. J Clin Oncol 14: 2696–2701.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benhattar, J., Losi, L., Chaubert, P., Givel, J-C & Costa, J. (1993). Prognostic significance of K-ras mutations in colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 104: 1044–1048.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. A., Kay, E. W., Mulcahy, H., O’Flaherty, L., O’Donoghue, D. P., Leader, M. & Croke, D. T. (1995). ras and p53 in the prediction of survival in Dukes’ stage B colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 48: M310–M315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatavdekar, J. M., Patel, D. D., Ghosh, N., Chikhlikar, P. R., Trivedi, T. I., Suthar, T. P., Doctor, S. S., Shah, N. G. & Balar, D. B. (1997). Coexpression of Bcl-2, c-Myc, and p53 oncoproteins as prognostic discriminants in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 40: 785–790.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosari, S. & Viale, G. (1995). The clinical significance of p53 aberrations in human tumors. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 427: 229–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosari, S., Viale, G., Bossi, P., Maggioni, M., Coggi, G., Murray, J. J. & Lee, A. K. C. (1994). Cytoplasmic accumulation of p53 protein: an independent prognostic indicator in colorectal adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 681–687.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosari, S., Moneghini, L., Graziani, D., Lee, A. K. C., Murray, J. J., Coggi, G. & Viale, G. (1995). Bcl-2 oncoprotein in colorectal hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. Human Pathol 26: 534–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, M. C., Pickard, M., Green, B., Howel-Evans, A., Smith, D. & Kinsella, A. (1996). p53 protein overexpression and response to biomodulated 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Sur Oncol 22: 182–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, A. F. & Matrisian, L. M. (1997). Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1260–1270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. M., Tremiterra, S., Candela, F., Thaler, H. T. & Sigurdson, E. R. (1991). Prognosis of node-positive colon cancer. Cancer 67: 1859–1861.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, A., Doci, R., Machen, C., Bignami, P., Faranda, A., Gennari, L. & Silvestrini, R. (1997). Cell proliferation-related markers in colorectal liver metastases: correlation with patients prognosis. J Clin Oncol 15: 2008–2014.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, L. S. & Lane, D. P. (1995). Tumor suppressors, kinases and clamps – how p53 regulates the cell-cycle in response to DNA-damage. Bioessays 17: 510–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dix, B. R., Robbins, P., Soong, R., Jenner, D., House, A. K. & Lacopetta, B. J. (1994). The common molecular genetic alterations in Dukes’ B and C colorectal carcinomas are not short-term prognostic indicators of survival. Int J Cancer 59: 747–751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorudi, S., Hanby, A. M., Poulsom, R., Northover, J. & Hart, I. R. (1995). Level of expression of E-cadherin mRNA in colorectal cancer correlates with clinical outcome. Br J Cancer 71: 614–616.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elnatan, J., Goh, H-S & Smith, D. R. (1996). C-KI-RAS activation and the biological behaviour of proximal and distal colonic adenocarcinomas. Eur J Cancer 32A: 491–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, E. R. & Vogelstein, B. A. (1990). The genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759–767.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, M. P. N., Cunningham, D., Morgan, G., Clinton, S., Hardcastle, A. & Aherne, G. W. (1997). Lack of correlation between thymidylate synthase levels in primary colorectal tumours and subsequent response to chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 75: 903–909.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesh, S., Sier, C. F. M., Heerding, M. M., Vankrieken, JHJM, Griffioen, G., Welvaart, K., van de Velde, C. J., Verheijen, J. H. & Lamers, C. B., Verspaget, H. W. (1996). Contribution of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors to the survival prognosis of patients with Dukes’ stage B and C colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 75: 1793–1801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goh, H-S, Yao, J. & Smith, D. R. (1995). p53 Point mutation and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 55: 5217–5221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, L. & Stratford, I. J. (1997). Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor thymidine phosphorylase in tumour growth and response to therapy. Br J Cancer 76: 689–693.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. A. & Lane, D. P. (1994). p53 in tumour pathology: can we trust immunohistochemistry? – Revisited!. J Pathol 172: 1–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanek, P., Wiebelt, H., Staimner, D. & Riedl, S. (1995). Prognostic factors of rectum carcinoma – experience of the German multicentre study SGCRC. German Study Group Colo-Rectal Carcinoma. Tumori 81: 60–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, D., Moore, J. & Roder, D. (1997). Trends in survival from colonic cancer: The impact of subspecialization. Aus N Z J Surgery 67: 842–845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishimuru, G., Ookawa, K., Yamaguchi, N., Sakamoto, M., Hirohashi, S., Muto, T. & Yokota, J. (1994). Allelic losses associated with the metastatic potential of colorectal carcinoma. Int J Oncol 5: 267–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, A. L., Kelland, L. R., Kimbell, R., Brown, M., Gibson, W., Aherne, G. W., Hardcastle, A. & Boyle, F. T. (1995). Mechanisms of acquired resistance to the quinazoline thymidylate synthase inhibitor ZD1694 (tomudex) in one mouse and three human cell lines. Br J Cancer 71: 914–924.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jen, J., Kim, H. G., Piantadosi, S., Liu, Z. F., Lecitt, R. C., Sistonen, P., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B. & Hamilton, S. R. (1994). Allelic loss of chromosome 18q and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 331: 213–221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P. G., Drake, J. C., Trepel, J. & Allegra, C. J. (1992). Immunological quantitation of thymidylate synthase using the monoclonal antibody TS 106 in 5-fluorouracil-sensitive and -resistant human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 52: 4306–4312.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P. G., Fisher, E. R., Rockette, H. E., Fisher, B., Wolmark, N., Drake, J. C., Chabner, B. A. & Allegra, C. J. (1994). The role of thymidylate synthase expression in prognosis and outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 12: 2640–2647.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P. G., Lenz, H-J, Leichman, C. G., Danenberg, K. D., Allegra, C. J., Danenberg, P. V. & Leichman, L. (1995). Thymidylate synthase gene and protein expression correlate and are associated with response to 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal and gastric tumours. Cancer Res 55: 1407–1412.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, S. M., Maeda, K., Chung, Y. S., Onodda, N., Ogawa, Y., Takatsuka, S., Ogawa, M., Sawada, T., Nakata, B., Nishiguchi, Y., Ikehara, T., Okuno, M. & Sowa, M. (1997). Vascular endothelial growth factor expression correlates with hematogenous metastasis and prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Oncol Rep 4: 381–384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapitanovic, S., Radosevic, S., Kapitanovic, M., Ajndelinovic, S., Ferencic, Z., Tavassoli, M., Primorac, D., Sonicki, Z., Spaventi, S., Pavelic, K. & Spaventi, R. (1997). The expression of p185HER-2/neu correlates with the stage of disease and survival in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 112: 1103–1113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, E. W., Mulcahy, H., Walsh, C. B., Leader, M. & O’Donoghue, D. (1994). Cytoplasmic c-erb B2 protein expression correlates with survival in Dukes’ B colorectal carcinoma. Histopathology 25: 455–461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khine, K., Goh, H-S & Smith, D. R. (1995). Prognostic significance of chromosome 5q and 17p allelic deletion in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Int J Oncol 7: 631–635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitadai, Y., Ellis, L. M., Tucker, S. L., Greene, G. F., Bucana, C. D., Cleary, K. R., Takahashi, Y., Tahara, E. & Fidler, I. J. (1996). Multiparametric in situ mRNA hybridization analysis to predict disease recurrence in patients with colon carcinoma. Am J Path 149: 1541–1551.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, R., Halling, K. C., McDonnell, S., Schaid, D. J., French, A. J., O’Connell, M. J., Nagorney, D. M. & Thibodeau, S. N. (1997). Allelic imbalance and microsatellite instability in resected Dukes’ D colorectal cancer. Diagn Mol Pathol 6: 78–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornmann, M., Link, K. H., Lenz, H-J, Pillasch, J., Metzger, R., Butzer, U., Leder, G. H., Weindel, M., Safi, F., Danenberg, K. D., Beger, H. G. & Danenberg, P. V. (1997). Thymidylate synthase is a predictor for response and resistance in hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy. Cancer Lett 118: 29–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koshida, Y., Saegusa, M. & Okayasu, I. (1997). Apoptosis, cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in gastric carcinomas: immunohistochemical and clinicopathological study. Br J Cancer 75: 367–373.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kressner, U. L. F., Lindmark, G., Gerdin, B., Pahlman, L. & Glimelius, B. (1996). Immunohistochemical p53 staining is of limited value in the staging and prognostic prediction of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 16: 951–958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., Bustin, S. A. & Mckay, I. A. (1995). Transforming growth factor-alpha. Cell Biol Int 19: 373–388.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza, G., Maestri, I., Dubini, A., Gafa, R., Santini, A., Ferretti, S. & Cavazzini, L. (1996). P53 expression in colorectal cancer. Relation to tumor type, DNA ploidy pattern, and short-term survival. Am J Clin Pathol 105: 604–612.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, D. A. (1996). Transforming growth factor-beta – a general review. Eur Cytokine Network 7: 363–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, D. T., Salman, R., Mulcahy, H., Sheahan, K., O’Donoghue, D. P. & Parfrey, N. A. (1996). Prognostic significance of p53 abnormalities in colorectal carcinoma detected by PCR-SSCP and immunohistochemical analysis. J Pathol 180: 364–370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leichman, C. G., Lenz, H-J, Leichman, L., Danenberg, K., Baranda, J., Groshen, S., Boswell, W., Metzger, R., Tan, M. & Danenberg, P. V. (1997). Quantitation of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression predicts for disseminated colorectal cancer response and resistance to protracted-infusion fluorouracil and weekly leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 15: 3223–3229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M. D., Nathanson, D. S. & Jacobson, G. (1996). Lack of prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in Dukes’ B colorectal carcinomas. Lab Invest 7461A: 343

    Google Scholar 

  • Loda, M., Cukor, B., Tam, S. W., Lavin, P., Fiorentino, M., Draetta, G. F., Jessup, J. M. & Pagano, M. (1997). Increased proteasome-dependent degradation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in aggressive colorectal carcinomas. Nature Med 3: 231–234.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, S. W., Ruley, H. E., Jacks, T. & Housman, D. E. (1993). p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74: 957–967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manne, U., Myers, R. B., Moron, C., Poczatek, R. B., Dillard, S., Weiss, H., Brown, D., Srivastava, S. & Grizzle, W. E. (1997). Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 expression and p53 nuclear accumulation in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 74: 346–358.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz, S., Hines, J. D., Lutterbaugh, J., Myeroff, L., Mackay, W., Gordon, N., Rustum, Y., Luna, E. & Kleinerman, J. (1995). Mutant K-ras oncogenes in colon cancers do not predict patient’s chemotherapy response or survival. Clin Cancer Res 1: 441–445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, A., Takimoto, M., Fritz, E., Schellander, G., Kofler, K. & Ludwig, H. (1993). The prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor, and mdr gene expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer 71: 2454–2460.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McArdle, C. S. & Hole, D. (1991). Impact of variability among surgeons on post-operative morbidity and mortality and ultimate survival. Br Med J 302: 1501–1505.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F., Heimann, T. M., Quish, A., Pyo, D. J., Szporn, A., Martinelli, G. & Fasy, T. M. (1992). Ras and c-myc protein expression in colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 35: 430–435.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M., Saito, T., Kaketani, K., Sato, K., Kuwahara, A., Shimoda, K. & Kobayashi, M. (1991). Clinical significance of ras p21 overexpression for patients with an advanced colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 34: 1097–1102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moertel, C. G., Fleming, T. R., MacDonald, J. S., Haller, D. G., Laurie, J. A., Tangen, C. M., Ungerleider, J. S., Emerson, W. A., Tormey, D. C., Glick, J. H., Veeder, M. H., Mailliard, J. A. & Graff, J. (1995). Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma: a final report. Ann Intern Med 122: 321–326.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulcahy, H. E., Duffy, M. J., Gibbons, D., McCarthy, P., Parfrey, N. A., O’Donoghue, D. P. & Sheahan, K. (1994). Urokinase type plasminogen activator and outcome in Dukes’ B colorectal cancer. Lancet 344: 583–584.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, J. W. R., Kruyt, P. M., Sewnath, M., Oosting, J., Seldenrijk, C. A., Weidema, W. F., Offerhaus, G. J. & Pals, S. T. (1994). Colorectal cancer prognosis and expression of exon-v6 containing CD44 proteins. Lancet 344: 1470–1472.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, G. I., Duncan, M. E., O’Neil, P., Melvin, W. T. & Fothergill, J. E. (1996). Matrix metalloproteinase-1 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Nature Med 2: 461–462.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, M. A., Habr-Gama, A., Oshima, B. S. & Bretani, M. M. (1992). Association of genetic alterations of c-myc, c-fos, and c-Ha-ras proto-oncogenes in colorectal tumors. Frequency and clinical significance. Dis Colon Rectum 35: 444–451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamori, S., Kameyama, M., Imaoka, S., Furukawa, H., Ishikawa, O., Sasaki, Y., Kabuto, T., Iwanaga, T., Matsushita, Y. & Irimura, T. (1993). Increased expression of Sialyl Lewis antigen correlates with poor survival in patients with colorectal carcinoma: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Cancer Res 53: 3632–3637.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neoptolemos, J. P., Oates, G. D., Newbold, K. M., Robson, A. M., McConkey, C. & Powell, J. (1995). Cyclin/proliferation cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry does not improve the prognostic power of Dukes’ or Jass’ classifications for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 82: 184–187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öfner, D., Riehemann, K., Maier, H., Riedmann, B., Nehoda, H., Tötsch, M., Böcker, W., Jasani, B. & Schmid, K. W. (1995). Immunohistochemically detectable bcl-2 expression in colorectal carcinoma: correlation with tumour stage and patient survival. Br J Cancer 72: 981–985.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunbiyi, O. A., Goodfellow, P. J., Gagliardi, G., Swanson, P. E., Birnbaum, E. H., Fleshman, J. W., Kodner, I. J. & Moley, J. F. (1997). Prognostic value of chromosome 1 p allelic loss in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 113: 761–766.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunbiyi, O. A., Goodfellow, P. J., Herfarth, K., Gagliardi, G., Swanson, P. E., Birnbaum, E. H., Read, T. E., Fleshman, J. W., Kodner, I. J. & Moley, J. F. (1998). Confirmation that chromosome 18q allelic loss in colon cancer is a prognostic indicator. J Clin Oncol 16: 427–433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paradiso, A., Rabinovich, M., Vallejo, C., Machiavelli, M., Romero, A., Perez, J., Lacava, J., Cuevas, M. A., Rodriquez, R., Leone, B., Sapia, M. G., Simone, G. & De Lena, M. (1996). p53 and PCNA expression in advanced colorectal cancer: response to chemotherapy and long-term prognosis. Int J Cancer 69: 437–441.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P. & Ferlay, J. (1993). Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int J Cancer 54: 594–606.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poller, D. N., Baxter, K. J. & Shepherd, N. A. (1997). p53 and Rb1 protein expression: are they prognostically useful in colorectal cancer?. Br J Cancer 75: 87–93.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pricolo, V. E., Finkelstein, S. D., WU, T-T, Keller, G., Bakker, A., Swalsky, P. A. & Bland, K. I. (1996). Prognostic value of TP53 and K-ras-2 mutational analysis in stage III carcinoma of the colon. Am J Surg 171: 41–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinbach, D. H., McGregor, J. R., Murray, G. D. & Odwyer, P. J. (1994). Effect of the surgeons speciality interest on the type of resection performed for colorectal-cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 37: 1020–1023.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robson, H., Anderson, E., James, R. D. & Schofield, P. F. (1996). Transforming growth factor beta 1 expression in human colorectal tumours: an independent prognostic marker in a subgroup of poor prognosis patients. Br J Cancer 74: 753–758.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, H. J., Sampson, S. A., Cunningham, D., Norman, A. R., Andreyev, H. J. N., Tilsed, J. V. T. & Clarke, P. A. (1997). Bcl-2 expression and response to chemotherapy in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 75: 427–431.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, U., Higgs, D., Loizidou, M., Pickering, R., Leathem, A. & Taylor, I. (1994). Helix pomatia agglutinin binding is a useful prognostic indicator in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 74: 3104–3107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, D., Reale, M. A., Lavin, P., Silverman, M., Fearon, E. R., Steele, G., Jr, Jessup, J. M., Loda, M. & Summerhayes, I. C. (1996). The DCC protein and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 335: 1727–1732.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinicrope, F. A., Hart, J., Michelassi, F. & Lee, J. J. (1995). Prognostic value of bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in stage II colon carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1: 1103–1110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. R. & Goh, H-S (1996). Overexpression of the c-myc proto-oncogene in colorectal carcinoma is associated with a reduced mortality that is abrogated by point mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1049–1053.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. R., Elnatan, J., Yao, J. & Goh, H-S (1996). Point mutation of the c-Ki-ras proto-oncogene and the p53 tumour suppressor gene in distal colonic adenocarcinomas. Int J Oncol 8: 1165–1169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soong, R., Grieu, F., Robbins, P., Dix, B., Chen, D., Parsons, R., House, A. & Lacopetta, B. (1997). P53 alterations are associated with improved prognosis in distal colonic carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 3: 1405–1411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Span, M., Moerkerk, P. T., De Goeij, A. F. & Arends, J. W. (1996). A detailed analysis of K-ras point mutations in relation to tumor progression and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 69: 241–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, F. R., Giacco, G. G., Hess, K., Larry, L., Rich, T. A., Janjan, N., Cleary, K. R. & Skibber, J. M. (1997). P53 immunohistochemical staining predicts residual disease after chemoradiation in patients with high-risk rectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 3: 1658–1690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. F., Wingren, S., Carstensen, J. M., StÃ¥l, O., Hatschek, T., Boeryd, B., Nordenskjöld, B. & Zhang, H. (1991). Ras p21 expression in relation to DNA ploidy, s-phase fraction and prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 27: 1646–1649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. F., Carsten, J. M., Zhang, H., Stal, O., Wingern, S., Hatschek, T. & Nordenskjold, B. (1992). Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic p53 oncoprotein in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Lancet 340: 1369–1373.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. F., Carstensen, J. M., Stal, O., Zhang, H. & Nordenskjold, B. (1995). c-erb B2 oncoprotein in relation to DNA ploidy and prognosis in colorectal adenocarcenoma. APMIS 103: 309–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. F., Carstensen, J. M., Stal, O., Zhang, H. & Nordenskjold, B. (1996). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in relation to ras, c-erbB-2, p53, clinico-pathological variables and prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 69: 5–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, Y., Tucher, S. L., Kitadai, Y., Koura, A. N., Bucana, C. D., Cleary, K. R. & Ellis, L. M. (1997). Vessel counts and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factors in node-negative colon cancer. Arch Surg 132: 541–546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takebayashi, Y., Akiyama, S-I, Akiba, S., Yamada, K., Miyadera, K., Sumizawa, T., Yamada, Y., Murata, F. & Aikou, T. (1996). Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of an angiogenic factor, thymidine phosphorylase, in human colorectal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 1110–1117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wadler, S., Bajaj, R., Neuberg, D., Agarwal, V., Haynes, H. & Benson, A. L. B. (1997). Prognostic implications of c-Ki-ras2 mutations in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil and interferon: A study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (EST 2292). Cancer J Scientific Am 3: 284–289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witzig, T. E., Lopfinzi, C. L., Gonchoroff, N. J., Reiman, H. M., Cha, S. S., Wieand, H. S., Katzmann, J. A., Paulsen, J. K. & Moertel, C. G. (1991). DNA ploidy and cell kinetic measurements as predictors of reoccurrence and survival in stages B2 and C colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 68: 879–888.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolmark, N., Wieand, H. S., Rockette, H. E., Fisher, B., Glass, A., Lawrence, W., Lerner, H., Cruz, A. B., Volk, H., Shibata, H., Evans, J. & Prager, D. (1983). The prognostic significance of tumour location and bowel obstruction in Dukes’ B and C colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 198: 743–750.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wynford-Thomas, D. (1992). p53 in tumour pathology: can we trust immunohistochemistry?. J Pathol 166: 329–330.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, A., Nakagawara, G., Kurosaka, Y., Nishimura, G., Yonemura, Y. & Miyazaki, I. (1993). P53 immunoreaction in endoscopic biopsy specimens of colorectal cancer, and its prognostic significance. Br J Cancer 68: 399–402.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, A., Urano, T., Goi, T., Saito, M., Takeuchi, K., Hirose, K., Nakagawara, G., Shiku, H. & Furukawa, K. (1996). Expression of a CD44 variant containing exons 8 to 10 is a useful independent factor for the prediction of prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 14: 1122–1127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Younes, M., Fernandez, L. & Lechago, J. (1996). Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) expression in biopsies of colorectal carcinoma is a significant prognostic indicator. Anticancer Res 16: 1999–2004.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Z. S., Sarkis, A. S., Zhang, Z. F., Klimstra, D. S., Charytonowicz, E., Guillem, J. G., Cordon-Cardo, C. & Cohen, A. M. (1994). P53 nuclear overexpression – an independent predictor of survival in lymph node positive colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 12: 2043–2050.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Z. S., Huang, Y., Cohen, A. M. & Guillem, J. G. (1996). Prediction of colorectal cancer relapse and survival via tissue RNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Clin Oncol 14: 3133–3140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK

    H L McLeod

  2. Departments of Pathology, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK

    G I Murray

Authors
  1. H L McLeod
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G I Murray
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McLeod, H., Murray, G. Tumour markers of prognosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 79, 191–203 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690033

Download citation

  • Received: 20 March 1998

  • Revised: 01 June 1998

  • Accepted: 04 June 1998

  • Published: 18 December 1998

  • Issue date: 01 January 1999

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690033

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • colorectal cancer
  • prognosis
  • immunohistochemistry
  • tumour marker

This article is cited by

  • High expression of matrix metalloproteinases 16 is associated with the aggressive malignant behavior and poor survival outcome in colorectal carcinoma

    • Shengwen Wu
    • Congchao Ma
    • Wenhui Li

    Scientific Reports (2017)

  • MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 in colorectal cancer: expression profiles and clinical significance

    • Johannes Betge
    • Nora I. Schneider
    • Cord Langner

    Virchows Archiv (2016)

  • Tissue-based biomarkers predicting outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer: a review

    • L. Ung
    • A. K.-Y. Lam
    • T. C. Chua

    Clinical and Translational Oncology (2014)

  • Evaluation and prognostic significance of human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10) in colorectal cancer

    • Constantina Petraki
    • Youssef M. Youssef
    • George M. Yousef

    Tumor Biology (2012)

  • Dilated SMV in Colon Cancer—Is There any Significance

    • Aman N. Khan
    • Rajesh Botchu
    • Mosheir Elabassy

    Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer (2012)

Download PDF

Advertisement

Explore content

  • Research articles
  • Reviews & Analysis
  • News & Comment
  • Current issue
  • Collections
  • Follow us on Twitter
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed

About the journal

  • Journal Information
  • Open access publishing
  • About the Editors
  • Contact
  • Special Issues
  • For Advertisers
  • Subscribe

Publish with us

  • For Authors & Referees
  • Language editing services
  • Submit manuscript

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Find a job
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

British Journal of Cancer (Br J Cancer)

ISSN 1532-1827 (online)

ISSN 0007-0920 (print)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

  • About us
  • Press releases
  • Press office
  • Contact us

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Articles by subject
  • protocols.io
  • Nature Index

Publishing policies

  • Nature portfolio policies
  • Open access

Author & Researcher services

  • Reprints & permissions
  • Research data
  • Language editing
  • Scientific editing
  • Nature Masterclasses
  • Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

  • Librarian service & tools
  • Librarian portal
  • Open research
  • Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

  • Advertising
  • Partnerships & Services
  • Media kits
  • Branded content

Professional development

  • Nature Awards
  • Nature Careers
  • Nature Conferences

Regional websites

  • Nature Africa
  • Nature China
  • Nature India
  • Nature Japan
  • Nature Middle East
  • Privacy Policy
  • Use of cookies
  • Legal notice
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Your US state privacy rights
Springer Nature

© 2025 Springer Nature Limited