Article PDF
Change history
16 November 2011
This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication
References
Bah, E, Hall, AJ & Inskip, HM (1990). The first two years of the Gambian National Cancer Registry. Br J Cancer 62: 647–650.
Beasley, RP, Trepo, C, Stevens, CE & Szmuness, W (1977). The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 105: 94–98.
Beasley, RP & Hwang, LY (1991). Overview on the epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HSWilliams & Wilkins: Baltimore 532–535.
Beasley, RP, Hwang, LY, Lin, CC & Chien, CS (1981). Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet ii: 1129–1133.
Blumberg, BS, Alter, HJ & Visnich, S (1965). A ‘new’ antigen in leukemia sera. J Am Med Assoc 191: 101–106.
Chang, MH, Chen, CJ, Lai, MS, Hsu, HM, Wu, TC, Kong, MS, Liang, DC, Shau, WY & Chen, DS (1997). Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N Engl J Med 336: 1855–1859.
Edmunds, WJ, Medley, GF, Nokes, DJ, Hall, AJ & Whittle, HC (1993). The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc R Soc Lond B 253: 197–201.
Fortuin, M, Chotard, J, Jack, A, Maine, N, Mendy, M, Hall, AJ, Inskip, H, George, M & Whittle, H (1993). Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in The Gambian Expanded Programme of Immunisation. Lancet 341: 1129–1131.
Hall, AJ, Robertson, RL, Crivelli, PE, Lowe, Y, Inskip, H, Snow, SK & Whittle, H (1993). Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in The Gambia. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 333–336.
IARC (1994). IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 59, Hepatitis Viruses, International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France
Kensler, TW, Groopman, JD, Sutter, TR, Curphey, TJ & Roebuck, BD (1999). Development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents: oltipraz as a paradigm. Chem Res Toxicol 12: 113–126.
Mitsuda, T, Mori, T, Ookawa, N, Aihara, Y, Kosuge, K, Yokota, S, Ibe, M, Shimizu, H, Yoshida, N & Matsuyama, S (1989). Demonstration of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus by means of polymerase chain reaction. Lancet ii: 886–888.
Pisani, P, Parkin, MP, Munoz, N & Ferlay, J (1997). Cancer and infection: estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6: 387–400.
Prince, AM, Leblanc, L, Krohn, K, Masseyeff, R & Alpert, ME (1970). SH antigen and chronic liver disease. Lancet ii: 717–718.
Ross, RK, Yuan, J-M, Yu, MC, Wogan, GN, Qian, G-S, Tu, J-T, Groopman, JD, Gao, Y-T & Henderson, BE (1992). Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 339: 943–946.
Sun, TT, Chu, YR, Ni, ZQ, Lu, JH, Huang, F, Ni, ZP, Pei, XF, Yu, ZI & Liu, GT (1986). A pilot study on universal immunization of newborn infants in an area of hepatitis B and primary hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence with a low dose of hepatitis B vaccine. J Cell Physiol 4: 83–90.
Sun, Z, Zhu, Y, Stjernsward, J, Hilleman, M, Collins, R, Zhen, Y, Hsia, CC, Lu, J, Huang, F & Ni, Z et al (1991). Design and compliance of HBV vaccination trial on newborns to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma and 5-year results of its pilot study. Cancer Detect Prev 15: 313–318.
Viviani, S, Jack, A, Hall, AJ, Maine, N, Mendy, M, Montesano, R & Whittle, HC (1999). Hepatitis B vaccine efficacy at nine years of age following infant vaccination in The Gambia. Vaccine 17: 2946–2950.
Wang, JS, Shen, X, He, X, Zhu, YR, Zhang, BC, Wang, JB, Qian, GS, Kuang, SY, Zarba, A, Egner, PA, Jacobson, LP, Munoz, A, Helzlsouer, KJ, Groopman, JD & Kensler, TW (1999). Protective alterations in phase 1 and 2 metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by oltipraz in residents of Qidong, People’s Republic of China. J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 347–354.
Whittle, H, Inskip, H, Bradley, AK, McLaughlan, K, Shenton, F, Lamb, W, Eccles, J, Baker, BA & Hall, AJ (1990). The pattern of childhood hepatitis B infection in two Gambian villages. J Infect Dis 161: 1112–1115.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
About this article
Cite this article
Hall, A., Smith, P. Prevention of hepatocellular cancer: One of the most cost-effective ways to reduce adult mortality?. Br J Cancer 81, 1097–1098 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690813
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690813
