Table 2 Genetic variances and covariances of six morphological traits in three wild populations of barn swallow

Trait(s) ^a	Denmark		Italy		Spain
	(Co)variance	SE	(Co)variance	SE	(Co)variance	SE
BL	221.44	238.27	342.13	173.66	214.89	288.72
BL, BH	425.32 ^b	155.97	22.06	59.87	52.05	112.04
BL, W	7.01	12.35	−3.24	10.78	19.02	12.40
BL, T	331.73	301.88	−13.39	155.25	−77.98	174.51
BL, TL	8.86	27.80	36.18	21.56	−27.67	21.78
BL, TS	2.30	8.73	6.89	4.45	1.72	5.86
BH	495.04	169.15	10.95	71.26	−15.49	64.94
BH, W	18.44	9.10	1.07	5.13	7.70	5.67
BH, T	279.40	210.29	96.53	63.35	84.09	73.91
BH, TL	10.23	20.13	9.61	13.50	13.25	10.28
BH, TS	12.78	6.16	−1.42	2.58	8.01	3.48
W	2.65	0.94	2.61	0.96	2.28	0.83
W, T	25.72	16.63	2.85	9.69	0.29	9.23
W, TL	1.11	1.38	2.29	1.89	4.04	1.24
W, TS	0.05	0.52	0.33	0.36	1.27	0.33
T	472.79	561.60	397.50	206.09	310.57	191.90
T, TL	−4.65	41.90	13.47	18.04	−12.88	18.67
T, TS	20.26	11.07	2.79	4.35	3.69	5.32
TL	4.31	4.48	10.24	4.67	8.95	3.35
TL, TS	1.20	1.19	0.82	0.84	1.82	0.85
TS	0.14	0.48	0.30	0.23	0.70	0.29

Standard errors estimated by jackknife.
BL, beak length; BH, beak height; W, mean wing length; T, tarsus length; TL, mean outermost tail length; TS, length of the shortest central tail feathers.
^aBeak length, beak height, and tarsus length were measured in mm × 100, other three traits measured in mm.
^bEstimates in italics significantly different from zero.

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