Table 2 Standardized selection gradients (β:as), SEs and P-values from multiple regression analyses in which traits with significant selection differentials (see Table 1) were incorporated alongside with PCI, a measure of structural body size

Type of selection	Population (year)	Trait	β	SE	P
Sexual: mating rate	Klingavälsån (2001)	Forewing spot length	0.422 ^*	0.201	0.035
		PC1 (‘size’)	−0.240	0.220	0.28
	Klingavälsån (2002)	Forewing spot length	−0.328^*	0.162	0.043
		Total length	−0.404	0.310	0.19
		Abdomen length	−0.678^**	0.239	0.004
		PC1 (‘size’)	0.689 ^*	0.321	0.032
	Höje Å (2002)	Forewing spot length	0.324 ^†	0.176	0.065
		Thorax width	0.568 ^*	0.232	0.014
		PC1 (‘size’)	0.310	0.219	0.16
Natural: Life-span	Klingavälsån (2001)	Forewing length	−0.230^*	0.114	0.044
		Total length	−0.331^*	0.131	0.012
		PC1 (‘size’)	−0.324^*	0.153	0.034
	Klingavälsån (2002)	Total length	−0.216	0.185	0.24
		Thorax length	−0.212	0.143	0.14
		Thorax width	−0.218 ^†	0.130	0.096
		PC1 (‘size’)	0.367	0.303	0.228
	Höje Å (2002)	Spot darkness	0.133 ^†	0.072	0.064
		PC1 (‘size’)	−0.081	0.070	0.25

Selection gradients estimate direct selection on these traits when controlling for selection on the other traits that are incorporated in the analysis (eg body size). Hence, significant selection gradients in this analysis are not confounded by selection on body size. All selection gradient with P-values <0.10 are indicated in bold. Symbols:
^***=P<0.001.
^**=P<0.01.
^*=P<0.05.
=P<0.10.

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