Table 1 Material Characteristic Properties of Modified PHAs via Different Methods and Their Applications
From: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: opening doors for a sustainable future
Material type | Polymers | Tm (°C) | Tg (°C) | Xc, (%)/Td(°C) | Mechanical properties | Applications | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polymer blends | PHB/starch | 165.4 to 167.9 | 67.2 to 87.4 | Td=200.5 219.7 | σmax=4.99 to 19.7 MPa, E: 578 to 1716 MPa, ɛmax=3.5 to 9.8% | Coating materials, cardboard for food package | |
PHB/SA | 171.0 to 175.9 | 8.6 to 9.9 | ND | ND | ND | ||
PHBV/PGA-g-starch | ND | ND | ND | σmax=16.8 to 24.3 MPa, E: 458 to 539 MPa, ɛmax=13 to 18% | ND | ||
PHB/PVAc-g-starch (CSV) | 167 to 171 | 3 to 25 | Xc,PHB=32.9 to 66.4 Td=268 to 295 | ND | ND | ||
PHB/EC | 175.3 to 177.0 | 44.6 to 56.1, annealed samples | Xc,PHB=15.4 to 64.3 | ND | ND | ||
PHB/CAB | 178.5 to 189.5 | 6.3 to 12.5 | Xc,PHB=40.6 to 53.2 | σmax=13.3 to 29.3 MPa, E: 592.4 to 2288.3 MPa, ɛmax=2.2 to 7.3% | ND | ||
PHB/lignin | 152 to 174 | 7.0 to 43.0 | Xc,PHB=21 to 61 | G'=3–5 × 104 Pa at ω of 1 to 100 rad s−1 G''=50-1 × 105Pa at ω of 1 to 100 rad s−1 | ND | ||
PHB/soda lignin | ND | 8.6 to 39.5 | Td=162 to 212 | ND | ND | ||
PHB/PHBHHx | Approximately 152 to 165 | Approximately 0.8 to 5.0 | ND | E: 500 to 1210 MPa | Scaffolds for tissue engineering with improved biocompatibility | ||
PHBV/PLA | PLA:150, PHBV: 170 | PLA: 53.2 to 57.6 PHBV:~3 | ND | G'=20-1.2 × 104Pa at ω of 0.01 to 100 rad s−1, η=500 to 1030 Pas at ω of 1 rad s−1 | ND | ||
MCL-PHA/PLA | 50 to 180 | PLA: 55.7 to 57.7, PHA: −32.8~−33.5 | Xc,PHA=25 to 58 | σmax=30 to 50 MPa J=8.1 × 10−2–26.0 × 10−2 J | Ductile and tough properties for plastics applications | ||
PHB/PLA | 174.6 to 175.1 | PHB: 9.6 to 11.0 PLA: 48.3 to 54.9 | Xc,PHB=55.0 to 56.3 | E: 274 to 366 MPa σmax=6.5 to 8.7 ɛmax=3.7 to 27.7% | ND | ||
P3/4HB/PLA stereocomplex (SC) | PLA SC: 218 | P3/4HB: -12.5 | Xc,PLA SC=38.1 to 45.1 | σmax=4.2 to 6.6 MPa, E: 30.8 to 46.7 MPa, ɛmax=362.7 to 949.0 | Enhanced processabiltiy and enzymatic hydrolysis rates | ||
PHBHHx/PCL | PHBHHx: 95.4 PCL: 61.1 | ND | Xc,PHBHHx=10 to 60 | E: 190.9 to 324.6 σy=7.7 to 12.2 MPa, T: 0.3 to 3.6 J cm−3 | Improved cell adhesion and proliferation for musculoskeletal tissue engineering | ||
PHBV/PCL | PCL: 57.0 to 57.5 PHBV: 137 to 152.4 | PHBV: 1.3 | Xc,PHBV=5 to 40 | E: 170 to 1200 MPa σy=9.0 to 12.5 MPa ɛmax=8.0 to 25% | Hollow fibers and tubular scaffold in tissue engineering | ||
Graft copolymer | PHA-g-chitosan PHA: PHB, PHBV, PHO | PHB: 150 to 173 PHBV: 117 to 131 PHO: 80 Chitosan: 105 to 116 | ND | Td=290 to 308 | ND | Drug delivery and tissue engineering | |
PHOU-g-PEG | ND | ND | ND | σmax=219 to 263 kPa ɛmax=379 to 621% | Blood contact device, drug delivery | ||
PHB-g-PMMA | PHB: 171.8 to 176.8 | PHB: 2.5 to 6.0 PMMA: 100 to 102 | Xc,PHBV: 12 to 27 | Eb=3170 to 3300 MPa Gc=0.7 to 2.3 KJ m−2 | Orthopaedic applications. | ||
PHBV-g-HEMA | 138 to 156 | 2.3 to 63 | Td=297 to 316 | ND | Improved cellular interactions with film | ||
PHBV-g-PVP | 140.0 to 158.4 | 7.7 to 8.6 | Xc,PHBV: 35.5 to 45.9 | ND | Increased antibacterial activity | ||
Block Copolymer | PHOU-b-PCL | 60 to 61.5 | −57~−60 | ND | ND | Facilitating biomolecules conjugation | |
PHB-b-PLA-b-PCL | 123.4 to 130.2 | −23.5~−31.2, 11.2 to 32.8 | Xc,PHB: 12.1 to 49.7 | ND | Blood contact device | ||
PHB-r-PCL | PCL: 38.0 to 62.7 PHB: 133.0 to 141.0 | −18.3~−62.0 | Xc,PHB: 36.6 to 53.8 | σmax: 11.0 to 30.5 MPa ɛmax:=117 to 990% | nd | ||
P3/4HB-r-PCL | 32.3 to 78.4 | −21.5~−40.1 | Xc,P3/4HB: 3.2 to 20.9, Td=251.6 to 279.5 | ND | Wound-healing materials | ||
P3/4HB-r-P3/4HBa | 49.8 to 95.4 | −10.8~−48.4 | Xc,P3/4HB: 0.5 to 26.8, Td=247.7 to 286.3 | ND | Hemostatic materials | ||
P3/4HB-r-P3/4HB/PHHxHO | 44.9 to 75.6 | −9.0~−44.6 | Xc,P3/4HB: 0.4 to 16.9, Td=241.9 to 264.8 | ND | Hemostatic materials | ||
PHO-r-PHB | 61 to 178 | −45−4 | ND | E: 200 to 1560 MPa σmax=7.0 to 38 MPa ɛmax=6.3 to 490% | Excellent thermoplastic properties and mechanical properties for medical applications | ||
PHB-b-PEG | PEG: 47 to 56 PHB: 122 to 152 | ND | ND | ND | Self-assemblies for drug delivery | ||
P(3HV-co-4HB)-b-MPEG | PEG: 53.5 | ND | ND | ND | Drug delivery in cancer therapy | ||
PEG-b-PHB-b-PEG | PEG: 23 to 57 PHB: 140 to 153 | ND | Xc,PHB: 53.3 to 73.6 Td=382.9 to 391.0 | ND | Supramolecular hydrogel for drug delivery | ||
PHB-r-PEG | PEG: 31.4 to 61.6 PHB: 82.2 to 148.5 | −49~−33 | Xc,PHB: 9.3 to 44.5 Td=260.2 to 279.4 | E: 21 to 120 MPa, σy: 5.9 to 10.2 MPa, ɛmax: 11-1912% | Biomaterials with programmed degradation rates | ||
P3/4HB-alt-PEG | 32.01 to 53.21 | −24.16~−44.26 | Td=241.7 to 277.9 | ND | Hemocompatible materials | ||
PHB-r-PEG-r-PPG | ND | ND | Td=227 to 303 | η: 0.05 to 0.2 mPa s at 5 °C; 43 to 55 Pa s above 30 °C. | Thermal-responsive hydrogels for protein release and 3D cell culture | ||
PNIPAAm-b-PHB-b-PNIPAAM | 124.3–142.2 | ND | Xc,PHB: 7.3 to 42.6 Td=235.9 to 291.9 | ND | Temperature-induced smart surface for cell detachment | ||
PDMAEMA-b-PHB-b-PDMAEMA | ND | ND | Td=230 to 293 | ND | Stimuli-responsive drug delivery and gene delivery |
