Table 3 Energy-adjusted OR for NPC and corresponding 95% CI,a according to intake of selected minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, and glutathione

From: Dietary intakes of carotenoids and other nutrients in the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case–control study in Italy

 

Quartile, OR (95% CI)

  

Nutrient

I b

II

III

IV

χ 2 -trend

Continuous OR (95% CI) c

Minerals

 Calcium

1

1.49 (0.87–2.54)

1.94 (1.13–3.33)

1.64 (0.95–2.81)

P=0.06

1.27 (1.04–1.55)

 Sodium

1

0.98 (0.60–1.60)

1.02 (0.61–1.69)

1.33 (0.80–2.19)

P=0.29

1.13 (0.86–1.49)

 Potassium

1

0.88 (0.54–1.43)

0.84 (0.50–1.40)

0.79 (0.48–1.29)

P=0.34

0.95 (0.73–1.25)

 Phosphorus

1

2.08 (1.22–3.54)

1.24 (1.72–2.16)

1.80 (1.06–3.05)

P=0.17

1.37 (1.02–1.83)

 Iron

1

0.91 (0.56–1.49)

0.79 (0.46–1.37)

0.71 (0.39–1.30)

P=0.24

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

 Zinc

1

0.98 (0.59–1.63)

0.92 (0.55–1.53)

1.14 (0.70–1.84)

P=0.66

1.13 (0.82–1.57)

Water-soluble vitamins

 Thiamine

1

0.94 (0.57–1.55)

0.80 (0.48–1.33)

1.08 (0.66–1.76)

P=0.91

1.09 (0.81–1.46)

 Riboflavin

1

1.32 (0.79–2.19)

0.88 (0.52–1.50)

1.34 (0.80–2.23)

P=0.55

1.17 (0.93–1.48)

 Vitamin C

1

1.04 (0.64–1.70)

0.89 (0.54–1.46)

0.62 (0.37–1.04)

P=0.06

0.88 (0.72–1.07)

 Vitamin B6

1

0.79 (0.47–1.31)

0.90 (0.55–1.48)

0.90 (0.56–1.46)

P=0.79

0.94 (0.71–1.24)

 Folate

1

0.81 (0.50–1.31)

0.87 (0.53–1.43)

0.68 (0.41–1.12)

P=0.18

0.89 (0.71–1.13)

 Niacin

1

0.92 (0.56–1.53)

0.97 (0.58–1.61)

1.02 (0.62–1.68)

P=0.89

0.94 (0.74–1.20)

Fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids, and glutathione

 Retinol

1

1.14 (0.68–1.92)

0.87 (0.52–1.48)

1.02 (0.62–1.67)

P=0.82

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

 Carotene

1

1.02 (0.63–1.63)

0.70 (0.42–1.15)

0.46 (0.26–0.79)

P<0.01

0.73 (0.59–0.91)

 α-carotene

1

1.26 (0.77–2.06)

0.87 (0.52–1.44)

0.57 (0.33–0.97)

P=0.02

0.74 (0.60–0.90)

 β-carotene

1

1.03 (0.64–1.64)

0.67 (0.41–1.11)

0.42 (0.24–0.75)

P<0.01

0.74 (0.60–0.92)

 β-criptoxanthin

1

1.36 (0.83–2.25)

1.24 (0.74–2.08)

1.09 (0.65–1.82)

P=0.85

0.92 (0.75–1.12)

 Luthein/Zeaxanthin

1

0.82 (0.50–1.35)

0.79 (0.48–1.32)

0.69 (0.40–1.19)

P=0.19

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

 Lycopene

1

1.40 (0.85–2.30)

1.28 (0.78–2.12)

1.05 (0.63–1.74)

P=0.93

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

 Vitamin D

1

1.31 (0.78–2.22)

0.98 (0.58–1.67)

1.62 (0.99–2.66)

P=0.12

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

 Vitamin E

1

0.80 (0.49–1.31)

0.86 (0.53–1.40)

0.69 (0.42–1.14)

P=0.19

0.80 (0.62–1.03)

 Glutathione

1

0.74 (0.46–1.21)

0.62 (0.37–1.03)

0.73 (0.44–1.22)

P=0.16

0.84 (0.67–1.05)

 Reduced glutathione

1

0.74 (0.46–1.20)

0.60 (0.36–1.00)

0.72 (0.44–1.19)

P=0.13

0.84 (0.67–1.05)

  1. Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; NPC=nasopharyngeal carcinoma; OR=odds ratio.
  2. aEstimated by unconditional logistic regression model, adjusted for centre, sex, age, place of living, year of interview, education, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and non-alcohol energy. Adjustment for energy was made according to residual model.
  3. bReference category.
  4. cThe OR was estimated for an increase equals to 1 s.d. among controls.
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