Table 2 Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of breast cancer death by vitamin C intake among 3405 invasive breast cancer cases in the Swedish Mammography Cohort

	Quartile of vitamin C intake (mg d⁻¹)
	<42.9	42.9–65.5	65.6–92.4	⩾92.5	P _trend ^a
Person-years	7458	7523	7584	7516	—
Breast cancer deaths	128	103	97	88	—
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.80 (0.62–1.04)	0.75 (0.58–0.98)	0.69 (0.52–0.90)	0.007
Covariate-adjusted model^b	1.00	0.84 (0.65–1.09)	0.81 (0.62–1.06)	0.74 (0.57–0.98)	0.04
Covariate-adjusted model+clinical characteristics^c	1.00	0.89 (0.69–1.16)	0.77 (0.59–1.01)	0.75 (0.57–0.99)	0.03
Non-breast cancer deaths	192	145	153	149
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.81 (0.65–1.00)	0.93 (0.75–1.15)	0.90 (0.72–1.11)	0.58
Covariate-adjusted model^b	1.00	0.83 (0.67–1.03)	0.96 (0.77–1.19)	0.92 (0.74–1.14)	0.70
Covariate-adjusted model+clinical characteristics^c	1.00	0.84 (0.68–1.05)	0.97 (0.78–1.20)	0.91 (0.73–1.13)	0.65
Total deaths	320	248	250	237
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.80 (0.68–0.95)	0.85 (0.72–1.00)	0.80 (0.68–0.95)	0.03
Covariate-adjusted model^b	1.00	0.84 (0.71–0.99)	0.90 (0.76–1.06)	0.85 (0.71–1.00)	0.12
Covariate-adjusted model+clinical characteristics^c	1.00	0.86 (0.72–1.01)	0.89 (0.75–1.05)	0.84 (0.71–1.00)	0.08

^aDetermined using category medians.
^bCox proportional hazard model adjusted for age (continuous), energy intake (continuous), education level (primary, high school, university), marital status (single, married, divorced, widowed, living with partner), menopausal status at diagnosis, (premenopausal, postmenopausal, unknown), body mass index (<20, 20–24.9, 25–29.9, ⩾30 kg m⁻²), alcohol intake (non-drinker, <3.4, 3.4–9.9, ⩾10 g d⁻¹) and calendar year of diagnosis (continuous).
^cCox proportional hazard model adjusted for the variables above plus disease stage (I, II, III/IV), grade (I, II, III), radiation treatment (yes/no), and chemotherapy and/or hormonal treatment (no chemotherapy or hormonal treatment, hormonal therapy and no chemotherapy, chemotherapy and no hormonal therapy, and hormonal therapy and chemotherapy).

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