Figure 1

Activation of MMC and repair mechanisms of double-strand breaks. Both the FA–BRCA pathway and the ATM–ATR pathway are illustrated in summary. The FA–BRCA and ATM–ATR pathways have common proteins and intersect on several levels (Cummings et al, 1998; Kitagawa and Kastan, 2005; Chen and Poon, 2008; Kim and D’Andrea, 2012).