Table 1 Summary results from narrative synthesis, by cancer
Positive association | No association | Negative association |
|---|---|---|
Breast | ||
Survival Diagnostic interval (Tørring et al, 2013) Treatment interval (Yun et al, 2012; Smith et al, 2013) | Survival Treatment interval (Brazda et al, 2010; McLaughlin et al, 2012; Eastman et al, 2013; Mujar et al, 2013; Redaniel et al, 2013; Sue et al, 2013) | None reported |
Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Ermiah et al, 2012; Warner et al, 2012) | Stage Treatment interval (Wright et al, 2010; Wagner et al, 2011) | |
Other outcomes Treatment interval and risk of recurrence (Eastman et al, 2013) | ||
Lung | ||
Survival Diagnostic interval (Tørring et al, 2013) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Maguire et al, 1994) | Survival Symptom onset to treatment (Annakkaya et al, 2007) Patient interval (Loh et al, 2006) Diagnostic interval (Loh et al 2006; Pita-Fernandez et al, 2007; Skaug et al, 2011) Treatment interval (Diaconescu et al, 2011; Yun et al, 2012) Symptom onset to being seen in specialist care (Garcia-Barcala, 2012) | Survival Patient interval (Radzikowska et al, 2012) Treatment interval (Gonzalez-Barcala et al, 2010) |
Stage Symptom onset to treatment (Christensen et al, 1997) Treatment interval (Brocken et al, 2012; Murai et al, 2012) | Stage Patient interval (Yilmaz et al, 2008; Tokuda et al, 2009) Diagnostic interval(Pita-Fernandez et al, 2007; Yilmaz et al, 2008) | Stage Diagnostic interval (Gould et al, 2008) Treatment interval (Salomaa et al, 2005) Symptom onset to treatment (Myrdal et al, 2004) Referral interval (Neal, 2007) First seen in secondary care to diagnosis (Brocken et al, 2012) |
Other outcomes Symptom onset to diagnosis and quality of life (Mohan et al, 2006) | ||
Gastric | ||
None reported | Survival Treatment interval (Yun et al, 2012) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Maguire et al, 1994; Martin et al, 1997; Windham et al, 2002; Arvanitakis et al, 2006) Patient interval (Lim et al, 1974) Primary care interval (Lim et al, 1974) | Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Maconi et al, 2003) Patient interval (Ziliotto et al, 1987) |
Stage Diagnostic interval (Fernandez et al, 2002) Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | Stage Diagnostic interval (Haugstvedt et al, 1991) | |
Oesophageal | ||
Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Martin et al, 1997) | Stage Diagnostic interval (Fernandez et al, 2002) Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | Stage Symptom onset to treatment (Wang et al, 2008) |
Gastro-oesophageal | ||
Survival None reported | Survival Referral interval (Sharpe et al, 2010) | None reported |
Other outcomes Treatment interval and morbidity and in-hospital mortality (Grotenhuis et al, 2010) | ||
Pancreatic | ||
Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Gobbi et al, 2013) Symptom onset to referral (Raptis et al, 2010) | Survival Treatment interval (Yun et al, 2012) | None reported |
Stage Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | ||
Other outcomes Diagnostic interval and resectability (McLean et al, 2013) | ||
Hepatocellular | ||
Survival Treatment interval (Singal et al, 2013) | None reported | |
Stage Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | ||
Colorectal | ||
Survival Diagnostic interval (Tørring et al, 2011, 2012, 2013) Treatment interval (Gort et al, 2010–colon only; Yun et al, 2012–rectal only) | Survival Diagnostic interval (Pruitt et al, 2013) Referral interval (Zafar et al, 2011; Currie et al, 2012) Symptom onset to treatment (Thompson et al, 2011) First presentation to diagnosis (Singh et al, 2012) Treatment interval (Roland et al, 2013) | |
Stage Treatment interval (Guzman-Laura et al, 2011) colon Referral interval (Valentin-Lopez et al, 2012) | Stage Symptom onset to treatment (Terhaar sive Droste et al, 2010; Cerdan-Santacruz et al, 2011; Deng et al, 2012) Referral interval (Ramsay et al, 2012) Treatment interval (Van Hout et al, 2011) Symptom onset to treatment (Van Hout et al, 2011) Patient interval (Cerdan-Santacruz et al, 2011; Van Hout et al, 2011) | Stage Treatment interval (Guzman-Laura et al, 2011) rectal |
Other outcomes Patient interval and satisfaction (Tomlinson et al, 2012) | ||
Prostate | ||
Survival Diagnostic interval (Tørring et al, 2013) Diagnosis to treatment (O’Brien et al, 2011) | Survival Diagnosis to treatment (Korets et al, 2012; Sun et al, 2012) Referral interval (Neal et al, 2007) | None reported |
Stage Diagnosis to treatment (Korets et al, 2012; Sun et al, 2012) Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | ||
Testicular | ||
Survival Patient interval (Hanson et al, 1993) Diagnostic interval (Huyghe et al, 2007; Moul et al, 1990–non-seminoma only) Symptom onset to treatment (Prout and Griffin, 1984; Medical Research Council Working Party, Testicular Tumours, 1985) | Survival Patient interval (Fossa et al, 1981) Symptom onset to treatment (Dieckmann et al, 1987) Symptom onset to treatment Meffan et al, 1991) Diagnostic interval (Moul et al, 1990; Harding et al, 1995–seminoma only; Fossa et al, 1981) | None reported |
Stage Symptom onset to treatment (Ware et al, 1980; Wishnow et al, 1990) Patient interval (Ware et al, 1980; Chilvers et al, 1989) Diagnostic interval (Bosl et al, 1981; Moul et al, 1990; Huyghe et al, 2007–non-seminoma only) Patient interval (Hanson et al, 1993) | Stage Symptom onset to treatment (Dieckmann et al, 1987) Symptom onset to treatment Meffan et al, 1991) Diagnostic interval (Harding et al, 1995) | |
Other outcomes Diagnostic interval and chance of complete remission (Akdas et al, 1986); and response to treatment (Scher et al, 1983) | Other outcomes Symptom onset to treatment and relapse rate (Napier and Rustin, 2000) | |
Renal | ||
None reported | Stage Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | Stage Symptom onset to treatment (Holmang and Johansson, 2006) |
Bladder | ||
Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Hollenbeck et al, 2010) Symptom onset to referral (Wallace et al, 2002) | Survival Treatment interval (Gulliford et al, 1991) Referral interval (Wallace et al, 2002) Symptom onset to treatment (Mommsen et al, 1983) | None reported |
Stage Diagnostic interval (Liedberg et al, 2003) | Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Maguire et al, 1994) Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | |
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma | ||
Survival Diagnosis to treatment (Waldert et al, 2010; Sundi et al, 2012) | None reported | |
Stage Diagnosis to treatment (Waldert et al, 2010) | ||
Cervical | ||
Survival Treatment interval (Umezu et al, 2012) | None reported | |
Stage Patient interval (Fruchter and Boyce, 1981) | Stage Primary care interval (Fruchter and Boyce, 1981) Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | |
Endometrial | ||
Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Menczer et al, 1995) | Survival Referral to treatment interval (Crawford et al, 2002) Diagnosis to treatment interval (Elit et al, 2013) | |
Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Fruchter and Boyce, 1981; Franceschi et al, 1983; Obermair et al, 1996) | Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Pirog et al, 1997) Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | |
Other outcomes Symptom onset to treatment and quality of life and satisfaction (Robinson et al, 2012) | ||
Ovarian | ||
Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Nagle et al, 2011) Referral interval (Neal et al, 2007) | ||
Stage Patient interval (Smith and Anderson, 1985; Tokuda et al, 2009) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Fruchter and Boyce, 1981; Menczer et al, 2009; Nagle et al, 2011) | Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Lurie et al, 2010) | |
Other outcomes Symptom onset to treatment and quality of life and satisfaction (Robinson et al, 2012) | ||
Head and neck | ||
Survival Patient interval (Koivunen et al, 2001–pharyngeal; Teppo and Alho, 2008–pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers (separately)) Diagnostic interval (Alho et al, 2006–head and neck unspecified; Teppo et al, 2003–laryngeal; Teppo and Alho, 2008–laryngeal) Symptom onset to treatment (Hansen et al, 2004–laryngeal) Treatment interval (Sidler et al, 2010–nasopharyngeal) | Survival Patient interval (Teppo et al, 2003–laryngeal; Teppo and Alho, 2008–tongue) Diagnostic interval (Seoane et al, 2010–oral; Teppo and Alho, 2008–pharyngeal and tongue (separately); Koivunen et al, 2001–pharyngeal) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Wildt et al, 1995–oral) Symptom onset to treatment (McGurk et al, 2005–head and neck unspecified) Treatment interval (Caudell et al, 2011–head and neck unspecified; Brouha et al, 2000–laryngeal) | None reported |
Stage Patient interval (Kumar et al, 2001–oral; Brouha et al, 2005b–oral and pharyngeal cancer (separately); Lee et al, 1997–nasopharyngeal; Sheng et al, 2008–nasopharyngeal; Tromp et al, 2005–head and neck unspecified; Tokuda et al, 2009–head and neck unspecified; Tromp et al, 2005–head and neck unspecified) Diagnostic interval (Allison et al, 1998–aerodigestive tract; Al-Rajhi et al, 2009–nasopharyngeal) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Allison et al, 1998–aerodigestive tract; Al-Rajhi et al, 2009–nasopharyngeal) Symptom onset to referral (Pitchers and Martin, 2006–oropharyngeal) | Stage Patient interval (Allison et al, 1998–upper aerodigestive tract; Al-Rajhi et al, 2009–nasopharyngeal; Brouha et al, 2005a–laryngeal cancer; Wildt et al, 1995–oral; Teppo et al, 2009–vestibular schwannoma) Diagnostic interval (Teppo et al, 2009–vestibular schwannoma; Ho et al, 2004–oropharyngeal) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Miziara et al, 1998–laryngeal; Scott et al, 2005–oral) Symptom onset to referral (Vernham and Crowther, 1994 head and neck unspecified) Symptom onset to treatment (McGurk et al, 2005–head and neck unspecified) | |
Other outcomes Diagnostic interval and risk of recurrence (Teppo et al, 2005–laryngeal) | Other outcomes Patient interval and risk of recurrence (Teppo et al, 2005–laryngeal) | |
Brain/CNS | ||
Other outcomes Symptom onset to diagnosis and progressive neurological deterioration (Balasa et al, 2012) | None reported | None reported |
Melanoma | ||
Survival Patient interval (Temoshok et al, 1984, Montella et al, 2002) Diagnostic interval (Temoshok et al, 1984; Metzger et al, 1998; Montella et al, 2002; Tørring et al, 2013) | None reported | |
Stage Patient interval (Richards et al, 1999) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Helsing et al, 1997) | Stage Patient interval (Cassileth et al, 1982, Schmid-Wendtner et al, 2002; Carli et al, 2003; Baade et al, 2006) Diagnostic interval (Cassileth et al, 1982, Schmid-Wendtner et al, 2002; Baade et al, 2006) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Krige et al, 1991; Baade et al, 2006) | |
Non-melanoma skin | ||
Stage Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | None reported | |
Other outcomes Symptom onset and presentation to specialist care and increase in tumour size (Alam et al, 2011) | Other outcomes Symptom onset to treatment and larger lesions (Renzi et al, 2010) | |
CTYA | ||
Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Marwaha et al, 2010b–leukaemia; Ferrari et al, 2010–soft tissue sarcomas) First seen in specialist care to diagnosis (Marwaha et al, 2010a–leukaemia) | Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Kameda-Smith et al, 2013–soft tissue sarcomas; Sethi et al, 2013–posterior fossa tumours) Diagnostic interval (Lins et al, 2012–leukaemia; Crawford et al, 2009–primary spinal cord tumours) Patient interval (Yang et al, 2009 –osteosarcoma) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Brasme et al, 2012a, 2012b–medulloblastoma; Loh et al, 2012–paediatric solid tumours; Butros et al, 2002–retinoblastoma) | Survival Patient interval (Kukal et al, 2009–brain tumours) First symptom to treatment (Erwenne and Franco, 1989–retinoblastoma) |
Stage Diagnostic interval (Wallach et al, 2006–retinoblastoma) | Stage Patient interval (Yang et al, 2009 –osteosarcoma; Simpson et al, 2005–Ewing’s sarcoma) Symptom onset to diagnosis and eye loss (Butros et al, 2002–retinoblastoma) | Stage Diagnostic interval (Crawford et al, 2009–primary spinal cord tumours; Halperin et al, 2001–medulloblastoma; Bacci et al, 1999–Ewing’s sarcoma) |
Other outcomes Symptom onset to treatment and extra-ocular disease (Erwenne and Franco, 1989–retinoblastoma) | Other outcomes Patient interval and eye loss (Goddard and Kingston, 1999–retinoblastoma) Treatment interval and relapse rate (Wahl et al, 2012–leukaemia) | |
Leukaemia | ||
None reported | Survival Diagnostic interval (Friese et al, 2011 (chronic lymphocytic)) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Prabhu et al, 1986 (chronic myeloid)) Treatment interval (Bertoli et al, 2013 (acute myeloid)) | None reported |
Lymphoma | ||
None reported | Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Jacobi et al, 2008 (follicular); Maguire et al, 1994 (unspecified); Norum, 1995 (Hodgkin’s)) | Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Kim et al, 1995; Foulc et al, 2003 (both Sezary syndrome)) |
Myeloma | ||
Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Kariyawasan et al, 2007) | None reported | None reported |
Other outcomes Symptom onset to diagnosis and complications at diagnosis (Kariyawasan et al, 2007; Friese et al, 2009) | ||
Connective tissue | ||
Survival Symptom onset to treatment (Ruka et al, 1988 (soft tissue sarcoma)) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Saithna et al, 2008 (soft tissue sarcoma)) Symptom onset to diagnosis (Nakamura et al, 2011 (soft tissue sarcoma)) | Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Rougraff et al, 2007 (soft tissue sarcoma); Wurtz et al, 1999 (osteosarcoma) | None reported |
Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Bacci et al, 2002 (osteosarcoma)) | ||
Carcinoid | ||
None reported | Survival Symptom onset to diagnosis (Toth-Fejel and Pommier, 2004) | None reported |
Stage Symptom onset to diagnosis (Toth-Fejel and Pommier, 2004) | ||
Thyroid | ||
None reported | Stage Patient interval (Tokuda et al, 2009) | None reported |
Multisite | ||
Survival Diagnostic interval (Tørring et al, 2013 (breast, lung, colorectal, prostate and melanoma combined) | None reported | None reported |
