Table 2 Per-protocol analysis: means, s.d., and differences between groups in outcomes over time according to generalised estimating equations adjusted for baseline r24 and moderate-intensity physical activity minutes (N=111)

From: Effect of walking on circadian rhythms and sleep quality of patients with lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial

 

Baseline

3 Months

6 Months

 

Outcome by group

No. of patients

Mean

s.d.

No. of patients

Mean

s.d.

No. of patients

Mean

s.d.

P of group × time

PSQI

Walking exercise group

56

9.25

4.55

47

6.26

3.14

43

6.49

3.71

0.001*

Usual care groupa

55

8.82

4.26

48

8.90

4.91

46

8.33

4.67

 

TST

Walking exercise group

52

380.32

96.39

43

380.72

78.30

39

401.76

72.84

0.023*

Usual care groupa

54

395.06

88.21

41

375.94

92.40

40

369.29

107.21

 

SE

Walking exercise group

52

88.94

9.67

43

89.14

8.69

39

88.18

10.78

0.779

Usual care groupa

54

88.36

10.73

41

87.10

14.29

40

85.07

15.38

 

SOL

Walking exercise group

52

27.14

40.48

43

28.29

31.93

39

22.15

23.00

0.427

Usual care groupa

54

31.85

30.05

41

42.78

38.75

40

37.88

38.05

 

WASO

Walking exercise group

52

45.86

33.17

43

44.37

33.11

39

52.61

43.96

0.861

Usual care groupa

54

50.56

45.30

41

53.53

54.53

40

63.92

66.42

 

r24

Walking exercise group

52

0.42

0.14

42

0.43

0.17

39

0.47

0.15

0.572

Usual care groupa

52

0.36

0.12

41

0.38

0.17

39

0.41

0.18

 

I<O

Walking exercise group

52

94.68

7.31

42

94.95

5.54

39

96.63

2.98

0.709

Usual care groupa

54

92.65

7.24

40

93.49

6.98

40

93.45

8.30

 
  1. Abbreviations: I<O=in-bed less than out-of-bed dichotomy index; PSQI=Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; r24=24-h autocorrelation coefficient; SE=sleep efficiency; SOL=sleep onset latency; TST=total sleep time; WASO=wake after sleep onset.
  2. Note: Generalised estimating equations were used for repeated measurements and the AR(1) correlation structure. All models were adjusted for age, sex, marital status, cancer stage and treatment, and variables significantly different at the baseline (r24 and moderate-intensity physical activity minutes).
  3. *P<0.05
  4. aUsual-care group is the reference group.
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