Table 2 Lifestyle factors and gastric adenocarcinoma risk among all participants (n=61 321), the Singapore Chinese Health Study, 1993–2014

From: Composite protective lifestyle factors and risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study

  

All cases

Cardia

Non-cardia

Characteristics

Person-years

Cases

HR (95% CI) a

Cases

HR (95% CI) a

Cases

HR (95% CI) a

Smoking

Pack-years of smoking >21.9

132 949

187

1.00 (reference)

37

1.00 (reference)

128

1.00 (reference)

Pack-years of smoking ⩽21.9

906 112

504

0.66 (0.55–0.83)

81

0.54 (0.35–0.84)

363

0.66 (0.53–0.83)

Alcohol

Daily ethanol intake >8.1 g

62 238

70

1.00 (reference)

11

1.00 (reference)

51

1.00 (reference)

Daily ethanol intake ⩽8.1 g

976 823

621

0.69 (0.53–0.89)

107

0.86 (0.45–1.63)

440

0.66 (0.49–0.89)

BMI

⩾27.5 kg m−2

89 879

66

1.00 (reference)

16

1.00 (reference)

47

1.00 (reference)

<27.5 kg m−2

949 182

635

0.80 (0.62–1.03)

102

0.54 (0.32–0.93)

444

0.79 (0.58–1.07)

Dietary pattern score

1st–3rd Quartile (<62)

774 142

549

1.00 (reference)

101

1.00 (reference)

383

1.00 (reference)

4th Quartile (⩾62)

264 919

142

0.82 (0.68–0.99)

17

0.60 (0.35–1.01)

108

0.89 (0.71–1.11)

Sodium intake

⩾782 mg per 1000 kcal energy

340 708

242

1.00 (reference)

48

1.00 (reference)

161

1.00 (reference)

<782 mg per 1000 kcal energy

698 353

449

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

70

0.64 (0.44–0.93)

330

0.87 (0.72–1.05)

Composite scores (five factors) b

0/1/2

97 712

123

1.00 (reference)

30

1.00 (reference)

77

1.00 (reference)

3

334 135

246

0.68 (0.52–0.88)

41

0.49 (0.30–0.79)

179

0.80 (0.61–1.04)

4

427 141

237

0.51 (0.40–0.66)

38

0.36 (0.22–0.60)

169

0.57 (0.43–0.76)

5

180 074

85

0.42 (0.31–0.57)

9

0.22 (0.10–0.47)

66

0.55 (0.39–0.78)

P trend

  

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

PAR (95% CI)

  

0.48 (0.36–0.59)

 

0.72 (0.51–0.84)

 

0.43 (0.27–0.57)

Composite Z -score (five factors)

1st Quartile

251 028

212

1.00 (reference)

44

1.00 (reference)

140

1.00 (reference)

2nd Quartile

258 747

167

0.76 (0.62–0.93)

29

0.64 (0.40–1.02)

129

0.88 (0.70–1.12)

3rd Quartile

263 404

162

0.72 (0.58–0.88)

25

0.54 (0.33–0.88)

109

0.72 (0.56–0.92)

4th Quartile

265 881

150

0.64 (0.51–0.78)

20

0.42 (0.25–0.71)

113

0.71 (0.55–0.91)

P trend

  

<0.001

 

0.001

 

0.002

  1. Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; HR=hazard ratio; PAR=population attributable risk.
  2. aFor single lifestyle factor, model included all factors simultaneously and adjusted age at baseline interview (in years), baseline interview year (1993–1995, 1996–1998), father’s dialect (Cantonese, Hokkien), gender, and education (no formal education, primary education, ⩾secondary education).
  3. bModel adjusted for age at baseline interview (in years), baseline interview year (1993–1995, 1996–1998), father’s dialect (Cantonese, Hokkien), gender, and education (no formal/primary, ⩾secondary education).
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