Abstract
Ubiquitination has long been recognised as a key determinator of protein fate by tagging proteins for proteasomal degradation. Most recently, the ability of conjugated ubiquitin chains to confer selectivity to autophagy was demonstrated. Although autophagy was first believed to be a bulk, non-selective ‘self-eating’ degradative process, the molecular mechanisms of selectivity are now starting to emerge. With the discovery of autophagy receptors – which bind both ubiquitinated substrates and autophagy specific light chain 3 (LC3) modifier on the inner sheath of autophagosomes – a new pathway of selective autophagy is being unravelled. In this review, we focus on the special role of ubiquitin signals and selective autophagy receptors in sorting a variety of autophagic cargos.
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Abbreviations
- ATG:
-
autophagy-related gene
- BAG:
-
BCL-2-associated athanogene
- BECN1:
-
Beclin1
- c-CBL:
-
c-Casitas B-lineage lymphoma
- CHIP:
-
carboxyl terminus of HSC70-interacting protein
- CMA:
-
chaperone-mediated autophagy
- Dvl2:
-
dishevelled 2
- ER:
-
endoplasmatic reticulum
- FIP200:
-
FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa
- FUNDC1:
-
FUN14 domain containing 1
- GABARAP:
-
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein
- GATE-16:
-
golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa
- HDAC6:
-
histone deacetylase 6
- Hsp:
-
heat-shock protein
- Hsc70:
-
heat-shock cognate70
- K:
-
lysine
- LC3:
-
light chain 3
- LIR:
-
LC3-interacting region
- M:
-
methionine
- MO:
-
membranous organelle
- MAP1LC3:
-
microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- NBR1:
-
neighbour of breast cancer 1
- NDP52:
-
nuclear domain 10 protein 52
- NF-kB:
-
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1
- OPTN:
-
optineurin
- p97/VCP:
-
protein 97/valosin-containing protein
- PB1:
-
Phox and Bem1p domain
- PE:
-
phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI3K:
-
1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- src:
-
sarcoma viral oncogene homologue
- SMURF1:
-
SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
- p62/SQSTM1:
-
sequestosome 1
- TBK1:
-
TANK binding kinase 1
- Tecpr:
-
Tachylectin-II-like beta-propeller domain
- UBA:
-
ubiquitin-associated
- UBL:
-
ubiquitin-like system
- UBD:
-
ubiquitin binding domain
- Ubp3:
-
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 3
- ULK:
-
Unc-51-like kinase
- UPS:
-
ubiquitin–proteasomal system
- UPR:
-
unfolded protein response
- USP9x:
-
ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, X-linked
- VDAC1:
-
voltage-dependent anion channel 1
- VPS34:
-
vacuolar protein sorting 34
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Acknowledgements
We apologize to scientists whose important contribution was not referenced in this review owing to space limitations. We would like to thank Ligia Gomes and Christian Behrends for critical reading of the manuscript and also to Philipp Wild and Evgenij Fiškin for comments and discussions. Research in the I.D. laboratory is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Cluster of Excellence ‘Macromolecular Complexes’ of the Goethe University Frankfurt (EXC115), LOEWE OSF and a European Research Council Advanced Grant and in the C.B. laboratory through a LOEWE Cell and Gene Therapy (CGT) grant, SFB834 funding, LOEWE OSF and Frankfurt Autophagy Network (FAN) funding. S.S. is the recipient of a fellowship from the Faculty of Medicine of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main.
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Shaid, S., Brandts, C., Serve, H. et al. Ubiquitination and selective autophagy. Cell Death Differ 20, 21–30 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.72
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