Table 1 Main formulations of TRAIL based on nanoparticles

From: Onto better TRAILs for cancer treatment

Formulation	Type of platform	TRAIL location	Combined formulation	Main effects	Experimental testing	Ref.
TRAIL HSA-NPs	Human serum albumin NPs	Inside	—	Increased biological half-life Increased drug bioavailability Passive targeting	Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo	¹⁵³
PEG-TRAIL microspheres	PLGA microspheres	Inside	—	Increased biological half-life Sustained delivery	Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo	¹⁵²
				Increased antitumor activity Absence of side effects	Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	¹⁶⁹
PEG-TRAIL/Dox microspheres	PLGA microspheres	Inside	Doxorubicin	Increased antitumor activity	CRC and prostate cell lines in vitro Tumor xenograft model (CRC and prostate) in vivo	¹⁵¹
TRAIL-PEG-NPs	PEGylated heparin and poly-l-lysine NPs	Inside	—	Increased biological half-life Increased antitumor activity Absence of side effects	Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	¹⁵⁴
ANG-CLP/PTX/pEGFP-hTRAIL	Angiopep-2 modifed cationic liposome	Inside (cDNA)	Placlitaxel	Sustained delivery Passive targeting Increased antitumor activity	GBM cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (GBM) in vivo	¹⁷⁶
Liposomes	TRAIL-LPs	Inside	—	Increased antitumor activity	Tumor xenograft model (NSCLC) in vivo	¹⁷⁵
					GBM cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (GBM) in vivo	¹⁷³
			Doxorubicin	Passive targeting	NSCLC cell line in vitro	¹⁷⁴
	LUV-TRAIL	Surface	—	Increased antitumor activity Absence of side effects	Leukemic, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro	¹⁷²
				Increased DISC recruitment	Leukemic and lymphoma cell lines in vitro	⁶⁷
				Increased antitumor activity	Leukemic cells in vitro and primary leukemic cells ex vivo	²¹²
				Increased anti-inflammatory effect	Rheumatoid arthritis experimental model in vivo	¹⁷¹
			E-selectin	Increased antitumor activity	Tumor xenograft model (CTC) in vivo	¹⁷⁸
	Immuno-LipoTRAIL	Surface	scFv α EGFR	Increased antitumor activity Active targeting	Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	¹⁷⁷
	sTRAIL-targeted stealth liposomes	Surface	—	Improved pharmacokinetics Increased antitumor activity	Neuroblastoma orthotopic model in vivo	¹⁷⁹
	Apo2L.0-LPs	Surface	—	Improved pharmacokinetics Increased antitumor activity	Multiple cell lines in vitro Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	²¹³
Magnetic NPs-TRAIL	Magnetic ferric oxide NPs	Surface	—	Passive targeting Increased antitumor activity	GBM cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (GBM) in vivo	¹⁷⁰
TRAIL/Tf/Dox HSA-NPs	Human serum albumin NPs with transferrin	Surface	Doxorubicin	Sustained delivery Active targeting Increased antitumor activity	CRC, pancreas and BC cell lines in vitro Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	¹⁶⁸
TRAIL/Dox HSA-NPs	Human serum albumin NPs with transferrin	Surface	Doxorubicin	Sustained delivery Active targeting Increased antitumor activity	Lung carcinoma cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (lung carcinoma) in vivo	¹⁶⁷

Abbreviations: ANG-CLP, angioprep-2 modified cationic liposome; BC, breast cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; CTC, circulating tumor cell; Dox, doxorubicin; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HSA, human serum albumin; LPs, liposomes; NPs, nanoparticles; NSCLC, non small cell lung cancer; PEG, polyethylene glycol; pEGFP, plasmid enhanced green fluorescence protein; PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid; PTX, paclitaxel; scFv, single-chain variable fraction; Tf, transferrin.

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Table 1 Main formulations of TRAIL based on nanoparticles

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