Table 1 Cellular sources tangled in regeneration processes of different tissues and organisms

From: p53 on the crossroad between regeneration and cancer

Cell type

Process

Regenerating tissue/organism

Reference

Interstitial stem cells

Differentiation to zymogen gland cells

Hydra head

107

Zymogen gland cells

Trans-differentiation to granular mucous cells

Hydra head

108

Mesenchymal stem cells/neoblasts

Self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation potential

Lethally irradiated planarians

109, 110

Liver progenitor cells

Differentiation to hepatocytes

Chronic liver injury in mice

77, 78 111

Hepatocytes

Proliferation

Partial hepatectomy in mice

88, 89, 90 111

Cardiomyocytes

Proliferation and differentiation

Damaged heart in zebrafish

112, 113

Pigmented epithelial cells

Dedifferentiation, proliferation and differentiation to lens cells

Lens regeneration in newt

114

Syncytial skeletal myotubes

Dedifferentiation to mononucleate cells that are able to proliferate

Appendage regeneration in urodele

25 , 115

Skeletal muscle satellite cells

Activation

Limb regeneration in salamander

116

  1. One of the essential processes underlying tissue regeneration is production of new cells. These new cells can be derived from distinct origins such as amplification and differentiation of resident stem and progenitor cells, proliferation of mature cells, dedifferentiation of cells to a more stem state or trans-differentiation of one cell type to another cell type.106 In the table above, the different cell types involved in specific regeneration processes are listed
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