Figure 1
CSC inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic and necrotic cell death. (a) Shows the effect of 50 and 100 μg/ml CSC on the number of viable endothelial cells in vitro determined by XTT assay. Mean values±S.D. of a representative experiment performed in quadruplicates are shown. (b) FACS analysis of CSC-induced cell death. Endothelial cells were incubated with 50 or 100 μg/ml CSC for 48 and 72 h. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death was detected by performing annexin V/propidium iodide stainings. (c) Endothelial cells were incubated with 50 or 100 μg/ml CSC for 24, 48 and 72 h before the LDH release was measured. Mean values±S.D. of a representative experiment performed in triplicates (annexin V staining) or quadruplicates (XTT assay and LDH assay) are shown. (d) Shows images of scanning electron microscopic analysis of control and CSC-treated endothelial cells (arrow: necrotic cell; star: apoptotic cell). Representative images are shown. (e) Shows data on the DNA content of HUVECs treated with 50 μg/ml CSC and 100 μg/ml for the indicated times, respectively. The DNA content was analysed by FACS analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001) compared with the corresponding controls
