Figure 7

A schematic illustrating a model of NA anticancer activity is proposed. NA is suggested to target PDK1 and suppress its downstream Akt, mTOR and HK2 protein targets, resulting in a cellular energy crisis. Even though autophagy, which was induced by stress-activated JNKs, could provide a survival advantage in NA-treated cells, it was unable to prevent apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in response to this energy depletion