Figure 8
From: CT45A1 acts as a new proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis
Schematic model for CT45A1 acts as a proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Environmental factors and growth factors switch on transcription of the silenced CT45A1 gene in the nucleus. CT45A1 can directly bind to the promoter region of its target genes or interact with transcription factors to induce the transcription of several key tumorigenic and metastatic genes, including EMT master gene TWIST1, metastasis genes SULF2, and CXCR4, stemness genes ALDH1A1 and KIT, and tumorigenic genes MAGED4B, HOXB6, HOXD13, and RASGEF1A. In addition, overexpression of CT45 activates ERK, CREB, and AKT signaling pathways, induce breast cancer cell EMT and dedifferentiation, increase tumor cell stemness, migration, and invasion, and foster tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis
