Figure 2

Upregulation of p-NF-κB, TNF-α and GFAP in Rib-treated astrocytoma cells. U251 cells (panel a), and U87MG cells (panel b) were treated with different concentrations of Rib and 20 mM Glc as indicated for 2 days. Untreated cells were used as controls. The total and phosphorylated level of NF-κB p65, precursor TNF-α in cell extracts and mature TNF-α secreted into culture medium and the expression of GFAP were estimated using antibodies as indicated. β-Actin was used as a loading control except that NF-κB p65 activation in each sample was expressed as the ratio of phosphor-NF-κB p65 level to total NF-κB p65 level. Quantification results were shown in panels c–h, respectively. The control value was set as 1.0. All values are expressed as means±S.E.M. *P<0.05, **P<0.01