Figure 2

Polyploidization during postnatal liver growth. From the postnatal growth, a diploid hepatocyte can give rise to two diploid hepatocytes with successful cytokinesis or follows with cytokinesis failure and generates a tetraploid hepatocyte with two diploid nuclei. The binucleated tetraploid hepatocyte then follows a new round cell cycle, generating two mononucleated tetraploids or one binucleated octoploidy. In the adult liver parenchyma, it consists of diploid, tetraploid and octoploid hepatocytes. Insulin signaling, E2F transcription factors including E2F8 and E2F1, and miR-122 have been reported to regulate cytokinesis failure and be crucial for liver polyploidization during postnatal development