Figure 3 | Cell Death & Disease

Figure 3

From: Trehalose ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress via selective autophagy stimulation and autophagic flux restoration in osteoarthritis development

Figure 3

Trehalose induces mitophagy and reticulophagy in chondrocytes. (a) Mitophagy and reticulophagy were determined by assessing the co-localization (white arrow) between LC3-positive autophagosomes (green) and Tom20-labeled mitochondria (red) or calnexin-labeled endoplasmic reticulum (red; bar: 10 μm). (b) Quantitation of the number of cells positive for mitophagy and reticulophagy per field according to immunofluorescence staining. (c–e) The protein levels of BNIP3 and PGAM5 in chondrocytes treated with trehalose as indicated. (f) TEM images of autophagic vesicles and selective autophagy in chondrocytes treated as indicated (× 10 000/ × 100 000). (Double arrow: autophagosome with double membrane structure; single arrow: autophagolysosome with single membrane structure; ‘M’: mitochondria; Asterisk: parts of ER whorls). (g and h) The protein level of BNIP3 in chondrocytes treated as indicated. (i and j) The protein levels of BNIP3, LC3, p62, Cyt C, CHOP and cleaved caspase 3 in chondrocytes treated as indicated. All data represent mean±S.D. (n=5). **P<0.01, *P<0.05

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