Figure 4 | Cell Death & Disease

Figure 4

From: Trehalose ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress via selective autophagy stimulation and autophagic flux restoration in osteoarthritis development

Figure 4

Trehalose promotes autophagic flux and attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes. (a and b) Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using Mitotracker and the nuclei were stained with Hoechst. (bar: 10 μm). (c) ATP content was assessed by ATP-Glo Bioluminometric Cell Viability Assay. (d) Immunofluorescence double-labeled staining for co-localization of Drp-1 with Tom20 (Green: drp-1, red: Tom 20, bar: 10 μm). (e) TEM images of the mitochondria and autophaghic change in chondrocytes (× 15 000 or 50 000). Lightning mark: mitochondrial fission; Asterisk: swollen mitochondira with fractured cristae; Double arrow: autophagosome with double membrane structure; single arrow: autophagolysosome). (f and g) The protein levels of SOD2, Bax, Bcl-2 and Cyt C in chondrocytes treated as indicated. (h and i) Double-labeled immunofluorescence staining of p62 and Cyt C in chondrocytes. (Green: p62, red: Cyt C, bar: 10 μm). All data represent mean±S.D (n=5). **P<0.01

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