Cell Death Discovery

Table 1 The effect of doxorubicin (DOX) and etoposide (ETP) on cell cycle progression, when used in combination with quercetin, apigenin, emodin, rhein, or cis-stilbene in two lymphoid leukaemia cell lines (Jurkat and CCRF-CEM) and two myeloid leukaemia cell lines (THP-1 and KG-1a)

From: Polyphenols act synergistically with doxorubicin and etoposide in leukaemia cell lines

	Lymphoid leukaemia				Myeloid leukaemia
	Jurkat		CCRF-CEM		THP-1		KG1a
	DOX	ETP	DOX	ETP	DOX	ETP	DOX	ETP
Quercetin	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive S	SYN interactive S & G2/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	Non-interactive S & G₂/M	Non-interactive S & G₂/M
Apigenin	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive S	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	Non-interactive S & G₂/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M
Emodin	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive S & G₂/M	SYN interactive S	SYN interactive S	ANTG no arrest	Non-interactive S & G₂/M	ANTG no arrest	Non-interactive S & G₂/M
Rhein	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive S	SYN interactive G₂/M	ANTG no arrest	ANTG no arrest	ANTG no arrest	ANTG no arrest
Cis-Stilbene	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive G₂/M	SYN interactive S	SYN interactive S	SYN interactive S	ANTG no arrest	Non-interactive S & G₂/M	ANTG no arrest

Cell cycle progression was analysed by flow cytometry following propidium iodide staining. Cells were treated with DOX or ETP and polyphenols alone and in combination for 24 h using their lowest-significant doses (LSD) as determined by CellTiter-Glo assay, together with a vehicle control. The percentage of cells in each phase was analysed with FlowJo software using the Watson (Pragmatic) model. The data were expressed as medians with ranges (n=4). Statistical significance of combination treatments was determined and compared with the vehicle control and the individual treatments alone. Statistical significance was set at P≤0.05. The combination effects of drugs were statistically shown to be either interactive or non-interactive, and shown to have a synergistic (SYN) or antagonistic effect (ANTG).

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