Figure 5

EtOH±HIV-1 induces cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2) phosphorylation in human astrocytes. Astrocytes were treated with 50 mM EtOH and/or HIV-1 for 0 (a1–d1), 10 (a2–d2) and 30 min (a3–d3). Cells were fixed and immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP red), p-cPLA2 (green) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue) to identify nuclei. Increased levels of p-cPLA2 were observed within 30 min of EtOH and/or HIV-1 treatments. Original magnification, ×200.