Figure 1
From: A new cytosolic DNA-recognition pathway for DNA-induced inflammatory responses
DNA sensing in the cytoplasm: recognition of cytosolic DNA appears to involve several sensors. DAI, DDX41, IFI16 or cGAS bind various cytosolic dsDNA, associate with STING and then activate the TBK1/IRF3 pathway, leading to the production of type I IFNs. AIM2 is a STING-independent cytosolic DNA sensor that forms the inflammasome with ASC to trigger caspase-1 activation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. DHX36 and DHX9 are identified as STING-independent but MyD88-dependent sensors of CpG-containing DNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Another cytosolic dsDNA sensor, LRRFIP1, triggers IRF3-dependent production of IFN-β in a β-catenin-dependent manner. Ku70 also functions independently of STING to induce the production of types I and III IFN. AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; cGAS, cGAMP synthase; DAI, DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factor; IFN, interferon; LRRFIP1, leucine-rich repeat (in Flightless I) interacting protein-1.
