Table 1 Summary of the metabolic profiles of tumor cells and immune cells

From: TLR-mediated metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment: potential novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy

Cell types

Metabolic profiles

References

Tumors

Glucose metabolism: glycolysis↑ (ATP/ADP and NAD+/NADH↑), HIF-1α↑, Akt↑, Glut1↑;Lipid metabolism: de novo lipid synthesis↑, fatty-acid and membrane lipid synthesis↑, cholesterol synthesis↑;Amino-acid metabolism: protein synthesis↑; levels of amino acid transporters↑, serine and glycine synthesis↑, glutamine↑;Metabolites↑: lactate, cAMP, IDO and adenosine

2, 3, 54, 59, 68, 123

DCs

Activation-induced Warburg metabolism:Glucose metabolism: glycolysis↑, HIF-1α↑, Glut1↑, iNOS and ROS↑, lactate↑, u-PFK2↑, OXPHOS↓;Lipid metabolism: de novo synthesis of fatty acids↑, AMPK activation↓, FAO and mitochondrial biogenesis↓;Amino-acid metabolism: cystine uptake and cysteine production↑Others: activation of PI3K, TBK1 and IKKɛ signaling; succinylation of GAPDH, MDH, LDHA, glutamate carrier 1 and multiple proteins.Tolerogenic DCs: OXPHOS↑ and lipid accumulation

7, 13, 14, 30, 80, 109

Macrophages

Activation-induced metabolism:Glucose metabolism: glycolysis↑, HIF-1α↑, Glut1↑, iNOS, NO and ROS↑, lactate↑, u-PFK2↑, OXPHOS↓;Lipid metabolism: lipid biosynthesis↑, AMPK activation↓, FAO↓;Amino-acid metabolism: cellular arginine↑ and citrulline↑.‘M1 macrophages’: glycolysis↑, fatty-acid synthesis↑, citrulline↑, iNOS/NO↑, HIF-1α↑, u-PFK2↑, mTOR↑;‘M2 macrophages’: OXPHOS↑, NO↓, Arg-1↑, PFKFB1↑, AMPK↑

7, 33, 77

Activated T cells

Glucose metabolism: glycolysis and lactate production↑, Glut1↑, PPP↑, glutamine uptake↑, pyruvate oxidation through TCA cycle↓;Lipid metabolism: de novo fatty acid↑, FAO↓; Amino-acid metabolism: amino-acid transporter level (Slc7a5) ↑

19, 81, 84

Th1/Th2/Th17 cells

Glycolysis↑, Glut1↑, lactate production↑, HIF-1 α↑; mTORC1 activity (Th1 and Th17)↑ and mTORC2 activity (Th2)↑; de novo fatty-acid synthesis↑; amino acid (glutamine and leucine) ↑

19, 62, 81

Treg cells

Glycolysis↑, glucose uptake↑, AMPK activation↑, mTORC1↓; FAO↑ and lipogenesis↑; glutamine and leucine↑, amino-acid-catabolizing enzymes ARG1, HDC, TDH and IL-4I1↑; IDO↑; tryptophan catabolism (Kynurenine)↑

18, 19, 62

  1. Abbreviations: AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; Arg-1, arginase 1; DC, dendritic cell; Glut1, glucose transporter 1; FAO, Fatty acid β-oxidation; HDC, Histidine decarboxylase; HIF, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor; IDO, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase; IL4I1, Interleukin 4 induced 1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IKKɛ, Inhibitor-κB kinase ɛ; LDHA, Lactate dehydrogenase A; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; NO, nitric oxide; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PFKFB-1, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TBK1, Serine/threonine-protein kinase 1; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TDH, Threonine dehydrogenase; Treg, regulatory T cell; u-PFK2, u-Phosphofructokinase 2.
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