Table 2 Associations between changes in quantity of F&V intake and changes in plasma vitamin C (per s.d.) with cardiometabolic risk factors at the relevant follow-up time point, presented as regression coefficients (and 95% confidence intervals) per 1 s.d. increase in the exposure, estimated from linear mixed models

From: Fruit and vegetable intake and cardiovascular risk factors in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

 

Baseline to 1 year

1–5 years

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Waist (cm)

 Plasma vitamin C

−0.66 (−1.51, 0.20)

−0.62 (−1.31, 0.08)

−0.31 (−1.13, 0.52)

−0.50 (−1.25, 0.25)

 Quantity of F&V

−0.59 (−1.32, 0.13)

−0.92 (−1.57, −0.27)

0.12 (−0.60, 0.85)

−0.09 (−0.78, 0.60)

 Quantity of fruit

−0.69 (−1.45, 0.07)

−0.89 (−1.56, −0.23)

0.17 (−0.59, 0.93)

−0.28 (−0.96, 0.40)

 Quantity of vegetable

−0.18 (−0.88, 0.53)

−0.48 (−1.13, 0.16)

0.06 (−0.64, 0.77)

0.23 (−0.47, 0.93)

SBP (mm Hg)

 Plasma vitamin C

−1.27 (−2.98, 0.44)

−1.36 (−3.09, 0.37)

−0.37 (−2.21, 1.47)

−0.99 (−2.86, 0.88)

 Quantity of F&V

−0.64 (−2.24, 0.95)

−0.73 (−2.36, 0.90)

0.38 (−1.21, 1.97)

0.31 (−1.43, 2.05)

 Quantity of fruit

−0.26 (−1.87, 1.34)

0.44 (−1.23, 2.10)

0.70 (−0.90, 2.30)

0.89 (−0.81, 2.59)

 Quantity of vegetable

−0.90 (−2.49, 0.68)

−1.89 (−3.48, −0.29)

−0.23 (−1.81, 1.35)

−0.62 (−2.36, 1.11)

HbA1c(%)

 Plasma vitamin C

−0.00 (−0.09, 0.08)

0.01 (−0.08, 0.10)

−0.04 (−0.14, 0.05)

−0.08 (−0.18, 0.01)

 Quantity of F&V

−0.11 (−0.19, −0.03)

−0.11 (−0.20, −0.03)

0.01 (−0.07, 0.09)

−0.01 (−0.08, 0.10)

 Quantity of fruit

−0.11 (−0.19, −0.03)

−0.12 (−0.20, −0.03)

0.01 (−0.07, 0.09)

0.01 (−0.10, 0.07)

 Quantity of vegetable

−0.05 (−0.13, 0.03)

−0.05 (−0.13, 0.03)

0.01 (−0.07, 0.09)

0.04 (−0.05, 0.12)

TG (mmol/l)

 Plasma vitamin C

0.01 (−0.08, 0.10)

−0.01 (−0.10, 0.08)

−0.08 (−0.18, 0.01)

−0.11 (−0.21, −0.01)

 Quantity of F&V

0.01 (−0.09, 0.08)

−0.05 (−0.14, 0.03)

−0.07 (−0.15, 0.02)

−0.09 (−0.18, 0.00)

 Quantity of fruit

−0.05 (−0.14, 0.03)

−0.08 (−0.17, 0.00)

−0.06 (−0.15, 0.02)

−0.10 (−0.19, −0.01)

 Quantity of vegetable

0.07 (−0.01, 0.15)

0.03 (−0.06, 0.11)

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.05)

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.06)

HDL-c (mmol/l)

 Plasma vitamin C

0.00 (−0.02, 0.03)

0.02 (−0.01, 0.04)

0.03 (0.00, 0.05)

0.04 (0.01, 0.06)

 Quantity of F&V

−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)

−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)

0.03 (0.01, 0.06)

0.04 (0.01, 0.06)

 Quantity of fruits

0.00 (−0.03, 0.02)

−0.00 (−0.02, 0.02)

0.03 (0.00, 0.05)

0.03 (0.01, 0.05)

 Quantity of vegetables

−0.02 (−0.04, 0.00)

−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)

0.02 (0.00, 0.05)

0.02 (0.00, 0.05)

CCMR

 Plasma vitamin C

−0.02 (−0.07, 0.02)

−0.04 (−0.08, 0.00)

−0.05 (−0.09, 0.00)

−0.07 (−0.12, −0.03)

 Quantity of F&V

−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)

−0.04 (−0.08, −0.01)

−0.02 (−0.06, 0.01)

−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)

 Quantity of fruit

−0.04 (−0.08, 0.00)

−0.04 (−0.08,−0.01)

−0.01 (−0.05, 0.03)

−0.04 (−0.08, 0.00)

 Quantity of vegetable

0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)

−0.02 (−0.06, 0.02)

−0.02 (−0.06, 0.02)

−0.01 (−0.05, 0.03)

  1. Abbreviations: CCMR, clustered cardiometabolic risk score; F&V, fruits and vegetables; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
  2. Model 2: model 1+intervention group, occupational socio-economic status, baseline and follow-up smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy intake (except plasma vitamin C), blood pressure-lowering (for SBP and CCMR), glucose-lowering medication (for HbA1c and CCMR) and lipid-lowering medication (for TG, HDL-c and CCMR) and change in variety of intake (except plasma vitamin C). Between baseline and 1 year, one s.d. plasma vitamin C=23.40 μmol/l; quantity F&V=249.91 g; quantity of fruit=191.61 g; quantity of vegetable=151.28 g. Between 1 and 5 years, one s.d. plasma vitamin C=22.54 μmol/l; quantity of F&V=270.05 g; quantity of fruit=196.66 g; quantity of vegetables=131.54 g.
Back to article page