Table 1 Example of a routine surveillance protocol for von Hippel–Lindau disease (modified from Maher76)
From: von Hippel–Lindau disease: A clinical and scientific review
Screen for retinal angioma: Annual ophthalmic examinations (direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy), beginning in infancy or early childhood. |
Screen for CNS haemangioblastoma: MRI scans of the head for every 12–36 months, beginning in adolescence. |
Screen for renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic tumours: MRI (or ultrasound) examinations of the abdomen every 12 months, beginning from the age of 16 years. |
Screen for phaeochromocytoma: Annual blood pressure monitoring and 24-h urine studies for catecholamine metabolites. More intense surveillance (eg, annual measurement of plasma normetanephrine levels, adrenal imaging, beginning from the age of 8 years should be considered in families at high-risk for phaeochromocytoma). |
