Table 1 List of currently licensed mucosal vaccines (modified from reference 8)
From: Antigen targeting to M cells for enhancing the efficacy of mucosal vaccines
Pathogens | Trade names | Composition | Dosage | Immunological mechanism | Efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rotavirus | Rotarix; RotaTeq | Live attenuated, monovalent or pentavalent rotaviruses | Oral, 3 doses | Mucosal IgA and systemic neutralizing IgG | Over 70–90% against severe disease |
Poliovirus | Orimune; OPV; Poliomyelitis vaccine | Live attenuated trivalent, bivalent and monovalent polioviruses | Oral, 3 doses | Mucosal IgA and systemic IgG | Over 90% in most of the world |
Salmonella Typhi | Vivotif; Ty21A | Live attenuated S. typhi bacteria | Oral, 3–4 doses | Mucosal IgA, systemic IgG and CTL responses | Variable, but more than 50% |
Vibrio cholera | Dukoral; ORC-Vax; Shanchol | Inactivated V. cholera O1 classical and El Tor biotypes with or without CTB | Oral, 2–3 doses | Antibacterial, toxin-specific and LPS-specific IgA | Strong herd protection over 85% |
