Figure 3
From: The role of mitochondrial DNA mutation on neurodegenerative diseases
Mitochondrial defense strategies. Mitochondria have internal defense mechanisms, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and mitophagy. However, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation result in the inhibition of these systems. Mitochondria-specific antioxidants and mitochondria-targeted genomic modulation can reduce oxidative stress-induced mtDNA mutation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
