Figure 1
From: Oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation by palmitate in type 2 diabetes
Palmitate induces ROS overproduction. (1) Increased β-oxidation, (2) DAG-PKC-NOX, (3) CHOP-ERO1α and PDI under ER stress. ROS produced by palmitate triggers PLC activation, ER Ca2+ release, ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which, in turn, aggravate ROS generation. CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; DAG, diacylglycerol; ERO1α, ER oxidoreductin 1 alpha; NOX, NADPH oxidase; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
