Table 1 Cytokines/chemokines involved in crosstalk between the heart and peripheral organs

From: Crosstalk between the heart and peripheral organs in heart failure

Cytokines/Chemokines

Effect

Reference

IL-1β, IL-189, 32, 33, 34, 35

Neutrophil activation and leukocyte infiltration

77

 

[@Spleen] increasing mobility and inflammatory characteristics of monocytes, and infiltration of DCs to heart

78, 80, 81, 82

 

[@Heart] autocrine production of IL-6, TNFα

71

 

Prolonged exposure led to pyroptosis

148, 149

IL-6, IL-8, MCP-160, 67, 68, 69

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

60, 67, 68, 69

DAMPs, HMGB1, DNA fragments, heat shock proteins, matricellular protein9, 55, 56, 57

[@Heart] autocrine effects to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines; IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, MCP-1, TNFα

56, 57

TNFα58, 59

Prolonged exposure led to pyroptosis

64, 65

 

[@Skeletal Muscle] muscle wasting, sphingosine production, induction of apoptosis

109, 110

ANP71

Paracrine effect: oxytocin production, reducing lipid peroxidation with NO-dependent mechanism

73

 

[@Heart] autocrine effect on heart by increasing expression of contractile protein, actin and myosin, and induce hypertrophy

72

 

[@Adipose Tissue] enhancing lipolysis and increasing energy expenditure, adipokines production

75, 76, 150

 

[@Kidney] increasing glomerular permeability and filtration rate, antagonizing RAS activation

101, 102, 103

IL-6, IL-8, MCP-137, 38

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

39, 40, 41

IL-1037, 38

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

39, 40, 41

Adiponectin37, 38

[@Heart] reducing TNFα production, increasing IL-10 production, reducing infarct size

45, 55

Alarmins85

[@Heart] worsening cardiac dysfunction, inducing myocardial apoptosis, fibrosis

85

Angiotensin-II91

[@Heart] inducing cardiac hypertrophy/fibrosis, increasing expression of TNFα, IL-1 family cytokines

70, 93, 94, 113

 

[@Skeletal Muscle] muscle wasting

114, 115

Lipocalin-296

endothelial dysfunction, cardiomyocyte apoptosis

97, 98, 99, 100

  1. Abbreviations: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; DAMPs, danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; DCs, dendritic cells; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; IL, interleukin; MCP-1, monocytes chemoattractant protein-1; NO, nitric oxide; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha.