Figure 1
From: Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism
Integration of peripheral metabolic signals andthe central nervous system maintains energy homeostasis. The brain integrates metabolic signals from peripheral tissues such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, gut and muscle. Specialized neuronal networks in the brain coordinate adaptive changes in food intake and energy expenditure in response to altered metabolic conditions. Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. These neurons project to other hypothalamic nuclei and to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem to control multiple aspects of the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. ARC, arcuate nucleus; CCK, cholecystokinin; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; PP, pancreatic polypeptide; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; PYY, peptide YY.
