Table 5 Studies focusing on the speed of adaptation in salmonid fishes, and the major phenotypic/gene expression changes associated with putative adaptation

Example	G	Phenotypic or gene expression changes	Reference
Natural colonization
SS	100	Adult body morphology, egg mass	Pavey et al., 2010
Introductions
SS	14	Breeding environment features: temperature, flow, migratory vigour	Hendry et al., 2000; Hendry, 2001
EG	10–22	Breeding environment temperatures; embryo developmental rates	Haugen and Vollestad, 2000; Kavanagh et al., 2010; Koskinen et al., 2002
CS	30	Breeding environment features: temperature, flow, migratory vigour	Kinnison, et al., 2001, 2008)
AS	6	Precocial male maturity size threshold, oxidant defense, thyroid hormone metabolism, defense against viral infections, ribosomal RNA processing, transcription regulation, and bacteriolytic function	Aubin-Horth et al., 2006; Roberge et al., 2007
Adaptation to captivity
RT	1^a	Not determined	Araki et al., 2007
RT	1^a	Not determined	Caroffino et al., 2008
RT	2^a	Not determined	Araki et al., 2009
Fisheries-induced evolution
AS, PS	6–10	Smaller size-at-maturity	Ricker, 1981; Quinn et al., 2006
SS	7–9	Earlier run-timing	Quinn et al., 2007
EG	10–22	Earlier age-at-maturity	Haugen, 2000
Evolution following fish ladder
BT	6–7	Size-at-smolting, size-at-maturity	Haugen et al., 2008
Evolution to hydropower dams
CS	15–20	Age-at-smolting (subyearling to yearling)	Williams et al., 2008

Abbreviations: AC, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus); AS, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); BC, Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis); BT, Brown trout (Salmo trutta); CH, Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta); CO, Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch); CS, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawtyscha); EG, European grayling (Thymallus thymallus); LC, Lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush); LW, Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis); MS, Masou salmon (Oncorhynchus masou); PS, Pacific salmon, general (Oncorhynchus spp.); RT, Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); SS, Sockeye salmon/kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka).
G=numbers of generations; Ref=reference; species codes are found in Table 1.

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