Figure 7

Observed proportion of eastern wolf Y chromosome haplotypes in Algonquin Provincial Park (APP) compared with that expected if males were breeding randomly. Randomization tests were conducted by randomly selecting 18 Y chromosome haplotypes from all possible Y chromosome haplotypes within APP (P<0.02) and across all populations (P<0.01). Expected values are based on 100 permutations. Error bars are the standard deviation.