Table 2 Estimated age of alleles in generations and years (assuming a 25-year generation length) that confer resistance to malaria

Gene allele	Age		Selection coefficient (s)	Reference
	Generations	Years
β-globin
S	45–70	1125–1750	0.152^*	Currat et al. (2002)
	10–28	250–700	—	Modiano et al. (2008)
C	75–150	1875–3750	0.04–0.09	Wood et al. (2005)
	38–120	950–3000	—	Modiano et al. (2008)
E	100.3 (62–222)	2508 (1550–5550)	0.079 (0.035–0.099)	Ohashi et al., 2004
G6PD
A-	254.3	6357 (3840–11 760)	0.044	Tishkoff et al. (2001)
A-	93	2325 (1200–3862)	—	Sabeti et al. (2002)
A-	1800	45 000 (25 000–65 000)	—	Verrelli et al. (2002)
A-	40	1000	0.25	Slatkin (2008)
Med	133.2	3330 (1600–6640)	0.034	Tishkoff et al. (2001)
Med	400	10 000 (0–35 000)	—	Verrelli et al. (2002)
Mahidol	63	1575	0.23	Louicharoen et al. (2009)
Duffy
ES (null)	1323	33 075 (6500–97 200)	—	Hamblin and Di Rienzo, 2000
ES (null)	310	7750 (3625–13 125	—	Seixas et al. (2002)
ES (null)	490	12 250 (4250–26 500)	—	Seixas et al. (2002)
ABO
O01	—	1.15 million	—	Calafell et al. (2008)
O02	—	2.5 million	—	Calafell et al. (2008)
HLA-B
B53	100	2500	0.028^*	Hill et al., 1991
B53	86	2150	0.041^*	This paper

Here, the age of the allele generally corresponds to the time as strong selection for malaria resistance due to high mortality began the increase in frequency of a given variant. Also given is the estimated selection coefficient where — indicates no selection (neutrality) is assumed in the estimation and the selection coefficients with an ^* are assumed, not estimated, values.

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