Table 4 Pairwise population comparison of genetic variance components for single traits and three trait groups, phenology (DAW, DMT), leaf size (FLL, FLW, PLL, PLW) and reproduction (NSP, SWT, SPL, AWL)

From: Introduction beyond a species range: a relationship between population origin, adaptive potential and plant performance

Traits

d.f.

HA–K

HA–N

HA–MH

MH–K

MH–N

K–N

TH

1

3.1 NS

0.8 NS

0.4 NS

4.5*

1.7 NS

0.8 NS

DAW

1

23.8***

21.3***

11.7***

60.2***

57.2***

0.3 NS

DMT

1

54.6***

57.4***

1.0 NS

64.8***

62.9***

0.2 NS

NSP

1

1.2 NS

0.1 NS

0.9 NS

3.6 NS

1.4 NS

0.7 NS

SWT

1

0.5 NS

8.4**

30.5***

119.8***

43.0***

10.2**

SPL

1

2.4 NS

0.1 NS

0.9 NS

5.4*

0.7 NS

2.7 NS

AWL

1

6.1*

0.2 NS

0.6 NS

9.9**

0.1 NS

8.5**

FLL

1

67.0***

6.6*

0.8 NS

63.8***

3.9*

36.6***

FLW

1

47.1***

5.1*

1.6 NS

42.0***

2.3 NS

18.1***

PLL

1

17.6***

0.6 NS

0.1 NS

18.5***

0.5 NS

10.5**

PLW

1

22.9***

3.4 NS

2.3 NS

41.8***

15.1***

10.4**

Phenology

3

67.6***

65.6***

14.3**

72.3***

76.7***

4.9 NS

Leaf size

10

126.8***

29.7***

10.6 NS

133.4***

0.1 NS

98.1***

Reproduction

10

46.8***

40.0***

37.6***

58.1***

76.4***

50.0***

  1. Abbreviations: AWL, awn length; DAW, number of days to awning; DMT, number of days to seed maturation; FLL, flag leaf length; FLW, flag leaf width; HA, Har Amasa; K, Ammiad Karst; MH, Mount Hernon; N, Ammiad North; NS, not significant; NSP, number of spikelets in a spike; PLL, penultimate leaf length; PLW, penultimate leaf width; SPL, spike length; TH, tiller height.
  2. Likelihood ratio tests were used to compare the fit of the constrained and unconstrained models that estimated genetic variance. Analysis of deviance (−2 log likelihood) and significance of χ2 P-values for each test are listed.
  3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.
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